Table 1:

Overview of miRNA signature as diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic potential and mechanism.

miRNA Signature	Diagnostic Potential	Change in miRNA Levels	Therapeutic Potential	Prognostic Potential	Mechanism	References
miRNA-21	High in certain cancers(e.g. lung)	Increased in cancers (e.g., lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer)	Potential target for cancer therapy	Indicator of poor prognosis in cancer	Regulates apoptosis and cell proliferation	[27]
miRNA-15	Indicators of inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus) and inflammatory diseases (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)	Increased in autoimmune (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus) and inflammatory diseases (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)	Modulation in autoimmune disorders	Prognosis of chronic inflammation	Involved in immune response modulation	[28]
miRNA-34	Marker for neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease)	Decreased in neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease)	Role in Alzheimer’s treatment	Predicts disease progression	Influences neuron survival and function	[29]
miRNA-122	Diagnostic for liver diseases (e.g., hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer)	Increased in liver diseases (e.g., hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer)	Therapeutic target in hepatitis C	Indicates liver fibrosis severity	Involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism	[30]
miRNA-16	Biomarker for cardiovascular diseases (e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction)	Decreased in cardiovascular diseases (e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction)	Potential in heart failure treatment	Associated with cardiovascular risk	Modulates cardiac cell apoptosis	[31]
miRNA-200	Identified in various cancers (e.g., ovarian cancer, breast cancer)	Decreased in advanced cancers (e.g., ovarian cancer, breast cancer)	Role in preventing metastasis	Indicates cancer progression	Regulates epithelial-tomesenchymal transition	[32]
miRNA-125b	Indicators for breast and ovarian cancers (e.g., breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer)	Increased for breast and ovarian cancers	Target in certain cancer treatments	Predictive chemotherapy response	Modulates cancer cell proliferation	[33]
miRNA-let-7	Low in lung and breast cancers (e.g., lung cancer, breast cancer)	Low in lung and breast cancers	Target in lung and breast cancer therapy	Predicts survival in cancer patients	Regulates oncogenes and cell cycle	[34]
miRNA-223	Elevated in hematological disorders (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia)	Elevated in hematological disorders	Potential in blood disorder treatments	Prognostic in myeloid cancers	Involved in hematopoiesis and immune function	[35]
miRNA-92a	Indicator for colorectal cancer (e.g., gastric cancer, breast cancer)	Overexpressed in colorectal cancer	Role in angiogenesis inhibition in cancers	Associated with metastasis in cancers	Regulates angiogenesis and cell proliferation	[36]