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. 2024 Dec 20;12(12):2653. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12122653

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Mechanisms of probiotic-assisted treatment of respiratory allergy. Firstly, probiotics directly compete with pathogens for nutrients and space and inhibit pathogen colonization of epithelial cells. Secondly, it regulates mucosal immunity and promotes secretion of antimicrobial peptides and interferon by immune cells. Thirdly, it enhances innate and adaptive immunity in the lungs.