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Inflammatory mechanisms induced by snake venom CRISPs (squash color boxes) isolated from various snake species. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL, interleukin; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; C3a, complement component 3a; C4a, complement component 4a; C5a, complement component 5a.
