Figure 5.

NLRP3 inflammasome activation by various snake venom proteins and its effector functions. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL, interleukin; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich–containing family, pyrin domain–containing-3; ROS, reactive oxygen species; GSDMD, gasdermin D; BD1, dimethyl ester of bilirubin; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TLR-4, toll-like receptor-4; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; IL-1R1, interleukin-1 receptor 1; PAMPs/DAMPs, pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns. The venom proteins/crude venom responsible for inducing inflammasome activation are highlighted in different colors; green- phospholipase A₂; dark yellow-snake venom serine protease; purple-C-type lectins, white-L-amino acid oxidase; Orange-three finger toxins.