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Possible mechanisms of sterile inflammation elicited by snake venom proteins post envenomation. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL, interleukin; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich–containing family, pyrin domain–containing-3; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; LTB4 leukotriene B4; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; H2O2 hydrogen peroxide; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; PGD2, prostaglandin D2.
