Table 2. Effects of the extracts and emodin on the mortality of S. zeamais.
|
Samples |
Concentration (mg/mL) |
Mean percentage mortality ± standard error at 24 to 72 h post-treatment |
||
|
24 h |
48 h |
72 h |
||
|
HE |
25.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
|
50.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
|
|
100.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
12.6 ± 0.4b |
17.4 ± 0.5b |
|
|
200.0 |
12.3 ± 0.3b |
32.3 ± 0.3c |
50.3 ± 0.3c |
|
|
400.0 |
95.7 ± 0.2c |
100.0 ± 0.0d |
100.0 ± 0.0d |
|
|
AE |
25.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
|
50.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
|
|
100.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
|
|
200.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
|
|
400.0 |
22.2 ± 0.9b |
42.3 ± 0.2b |
58.3 ± 0.3b |
|
|
ME |
25.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
|
50.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
|
|
100.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
13.6 ± 0.4b |
|
|
200.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
17.6 ± 0.6b |
32.6 ± 0.4c |
|
|
400.0 |
55.7 ± 0.5b |
76.6 ± 0.3c |
100.0 ± 0.0d |
|
|
Emodin |
5.0 |
18.0 ± 0.4a |
24.1 ± 0.6a |
58.3 ± 0.5a |
|
12.5 |
24.6 ± 0.6a |
38.6 ± 0.8a |
63.5 ± 0.9a |
|
|
25.0 |
38.6 ± 0.4b |
52.9 ± 0.7b |
73.0 ± 0.5b |
|
|
50.0 |
70.7 ± 0.6c |
85.5 ± 0.4c |
100.0 ± 0.0c |
|
|
100.0 |
100.0 ± 0.0d |
100.0 ± 0.0d |
100.0 ± 0.0c |
|
|
Control (untreated) |
0.0 |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
0.0 ± 0.0a |
Each value is the mean ± standard error of three replicates. Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other using the new Duncan multiple range test. HE: n-hexane extract, AE: Acetone extract, ME: Methanol extract