Table 1.
Antimicrobial targets and mechanisms of CDs.
| Raw material for CD | Antimicrobial mechanism | Antimicrobial target | MIC (μg mL−1) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tartaric acid and aminophenol | Disruption of cell wall structure | Teichoic acid | 50.0 | [52] |
| Trimethoxysilane, trisodium citrate, and N-alkyl betaines | Teichoic acid | 5.0 | [54] | |
| Citric acid, dime-thyldiallylammonium chloride, and polyhexamethyleneguanidine | Lipid A | 2.5 | [59] | |
| Glycerol and dimethyloctadecyl [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propy] ammonium chloride | Disruption of cell membrane structure | Phospholipid bilayer | 2.5 | [171] |
| 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride and diallyldimethylammonium chloride | Disruption of protein structure and function | Ribosomal proteins | 5.0 | [77] |
| Artemisia argyi | Acetylglucosamine deacetylase | 50.0 | [85] | |
| O-phenylenediamine and D-Glu | Amide ligase | 100.0 | [75] | |
| Carbon fiber | Phenol soluble regulatory proteins | 50.0 | [97] | |
| Cigarettes | Disruption of double helix structure of DNA | DNA | 200.0 | [104] |
| Citric acid and ethylenediamine | 25.0 | [107] | ||
| Chitosan, ferrous sulfate, heptahydrate citric acid, and ethylenediamine | Disruption of eDNA structure | eDNA | 50.0 | [114] |
| Spermidine, hydrochloric acid, and hydrobromic acid | Chemical dynamic damage | Multiple targets | 500.0 | [132] |
| Hydrobromic acid | 400.0 | [133] | ||
| Polyethyleneimine, glutathione, and hemin | 100.0 | [136] | ||
| Citric acid and urea | High ambient temperature | 100.0 | [115] | |
| Nitro-coronene and branched polyethylenimine | 200.0 | [148] |
Abbreviations: CD, carbon dot; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; eDNA, extracellular DNA.