Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohorts after the propensity score matching
| Types subcohort | ICS subcohort | LABA subcohort | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPI (n = 4525) |
pMDI (n = 4525) |
P-value | Budesonide (n = 3124) |
Fluticasone (n = 3124) |
P-value | Formoterol (n = 1459) |
Salmeterol (n = 1459) |
P-value | |
| Age (years) | 49.0 ± 15.3 | 49.3 ± 15.2 | 0.495 | 47.7 ± 15.2 | 47.7 ± 15.5 | 0.989 | 50.9 ± 14.9 | 51.6 ± 15.1 | 0.187 |
| Female (n,%) | 1979 (43.7) | 2006 (44.3) | 0.567 | 1485 (47.5) | 1506 (48.2) | 0.594 | 563 (38.5) | 589 (40.3) | 0.324 |
| Income | |||||||||
| Low | 1259 (27.8) | 1262 (27.8) | 0.995 | 883 (28.2) | 896 (28.6) | 0.935 | 474 (32.4) | 468 (32.0) | 0.879 |
| Mid | 1472 (32.5) | 1468 (32.4) | 1036 (33.1) | 1031 (33.0) | 493 (33.7) | 486 (33.3) | |||
| High | 1794 (39.6) | 1795 (39.6) | 1205 (38.5) | 1197 (38.3) | 492 (33.7) | 505 (34.6) | |||
| Region | |||||||||
| Urban | 4172 (92.2) | 4171 (92.1) | 0.968 | 2904 (92.9) | 2898 (92.7) | 0.768 | 1350 (92.5) | 1352 (92.6) | 0.887 |
| Rural | 353 (7.8) | 354 (7.8) | 220 (7.0) | 226 (7.2) | 109 (7.47) | 107 (7.33) | |||
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Hypertensive disorder | 1557 (34.4) | 1557 (34.4) | 1.00 | 948 (30.3) | 953 (30.5) | 0.890 | 553 (37.9) | 570 (39.0) | 0.517 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1476 (32.6) | 1506 (33.2) | 0.502 | 1007 (32.2) | 999 (31.9) | 0.828 | 503 (34.4) | 523 (35.8) | 0.438 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 2523 (55.7) | 2602 (57.5) | 0.093 | 1701 (54.4) | 1675 (53.6) | 0.509 | 792 (54.2) | 788 (54.0) | 0.881 |
| Pneumonia | 1915 (42.3) | 1947 (43.0) | 0.496 | 1294 (41.4) | 1272 (40.7) | 0.571 | 533 (36.5) | 544 (37.2) | 0.673 |
| Renal impairment | 180 (3.9) | 183 (4.0) | 0.872 | 114 (3.6) | 113 (3.6) | 0.946 | 40 (2.7) | 55 (3.7) | 0.117 |
| Liver disease | 2744 (60.6) | 2790 (61.6) | 0.321 | 1864 (59.6) | 1873 (59.9) | 0.816 | 897 (61.4) | 890 (61.0) | 0.790 |
| Acute respiratory disease | 4437 (98.0) | 4447 (98.2) | 0.433 | 3070 (98.2) | 3072 (98.3) | 0.844 | 1419 (97.2) | 1410 (96.6) | 0.332 |
| Gastro-esophageal disease | 3611 (79.8) | 3618 (79.9) | 0.854 | 2477 (79.2) | 2497 (79.9) | 0.530 | 1003 (68.7) | 1031 (70.6) | 0.259 |
| Urinary tract infection | 584 (12.9) | 598 (13.2) | 0.662 | 419 (13.4) | 394 (12.6) | 0.347 | 168 (11.5) | 174 (11.9) | 0.729 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 76 (1.6) | 81 (1.7) | 0.687 | 53 (1.7) | 50 (1.6) | 0.765 | 24 (1.6) | 18 (1.2) | 0.351 |
| Osteoarthritis | 685 (15.1) | 700 (15.4) | 0.661 | 455 (14.5) | 458 (14.6) | 0.914 | 197 (13.5) | 213 (14.6) | 0.394 |
| Dementia | 84 (1.8) | 88 (1.9) | 0.758 | 48 (1.5) | 45 (1.4) | 0.754 | 19 (1.3) | 19 (1.3) | 1.00 |
| CCI scores | 1.71 ± 1.11 | 1.72 ± 1.11 | 0.671 | 1.65 ± 1.05 | 1.66 ± 1.05 | 0.800 | 1.74 ± 1.12 | 1.77 ± 1.16 | 0.494 |
CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; DPI, dry powder inhaler; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting 
2 agonist; MDI, metered dose inhaler