Table 2.

Properties of CNCs extracted from various renewable resources.

Plant Source	Particle Size (nm)	Aspect Ratio	Crystallinity (%)	Surface Charge (mV)	References
Tunicate	150–200	7–20	74.4	−37	[125]
Wood (Spruce)	110–190	9–23	67.1	−39.7	[126]
Wood (Birch)	110–180	9–21	70.4	−23.8	[127]
Wood (Pine)	100–190	6–17	71.3	−18.5	[128]
Wood (Aspen)	95–190	8–23	72.1	−37.7	[129]
Bacterial Cellulose	100–500	10–20	90.5	−9.5	[130]
Cotton	70–500	3–20	64.1	−50.3	[131]
Wheat straw	110–180	7–15	57.4	−31.8	[132]