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. 2025 Jan 13;15:1862. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-85509-x

Table 2.

Activation energies for water and solute transport.

Solute ELp EPcpa
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
Dimethyl Sulfoxide 37.3 93.3
Ethylene Glycol 44.4 98.8
Propylene Glycol 37.1 100.2
Formamide 48.6 87.0
Glycerol 43.9 107.4
1,3-Dihydroxyacetone 49.7 41.0
Diethylene Glycol 47.7 98.9
Acetamide 47.8 92.5
N-Methylacetamide 49.7 83.4
1,3-Propanediol 44.8 95.0
Triethylene Glycol 39.3 106.8
Propionamide 65.0 75.0
Sucrose 46.2