Table 2.

Mixed effects models of associations between parental use of routines^a, limits^b, and child screen time by developmental age stages (3,628 observations).

	Screen time (min per day) during COVID-19
	Unadjusted			Adjusted for covariatesc − pre-COVID-19 screen time			Adjusted for covariatesc + pre-COVID-19 screen time
	B	95% CI	p-value	B	95% CI	p-value	B	95% CI	p-value
Routines
<3 years (591 observations)	3.37	−3.52,9.17	0.36	5.08	−1.80, 10.84	0.13	4.61	−2.04, 10.39	0.16
3–4.99 years (907 observations)	2.65	−1.44, 7.28	0.26	2.29	−1.79, 6.74	0.32	2.10	−2.15, 6.28	0.36
≥5 years (2,130 observations)	4.84	1.50, 8.28	<0.01	5.25	2.24, 8.73	<0.01	5.25	2.25, 8.73	<0.01
Limits
<3 years (591 observations)	3.26	−3.72, 8.65	0.41	3.77	−3.37, 9.34	0.32	3.41	−3.56, 8.86	0.39
3–4.99 years (907 observations)	0.88	−3.27, 5.82	0.77	0.34	−3.71, 5.28	0.90	0.03	−3.98, 4.82	0.99
≥5 years (2,130 observations)	2.70	−0.10, 5.34	0.05	2.98	0.09, 5.58	0.03	3.30	0.52, 5.90	0.02

^a Question scale: throughout the day, I provide my child with 1 (a clear and orderly routine) to 7 (unstructured free time).

^b Question scale: I am the kind of parent that 1 (sets limits on what my child is allowed to do) to 7 (lets my child do whatever he or she wants).

^c Covariates: child sex, maternal ethnicity, most recently reported pre-COVID-19 family income, employment status during COVID-19 (repeated measures), number of siblings, number of screen devices at home, parental screen time during COVID-19 (repeated measures), stringent lockdown measures; results were stratified by age (<3, 3–4.99, ≥5 years) as defined a priori based on the child developmental age groups.