Table 3.
Caregiver’ outcomes reported by RCT and non-RCT comparison group studies.
| Study | Anxiety | Burden | Depression | Distress/stress | Quality of life | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groppo (2012) (20) ^ | ▬ | |||||
| Stella (2011); Canonici (2012) (21,22) ^ | ▲ | ▲ | ||||
| Viola (2011) (23) ^ | ▲ | |||||
| Aboulafia-Brakha (2014) (24) | ▬ | ▬ | ▬ | ▬ | ▲a | |
| Avila (2007) (25) | ▬ | |||||
| Bottino (2005) (26) | ▬ | ▬ | ||||
| Campos (2019) (27) Ω | ▲b | |||||
| Danucalov (2013; 2017) (28,29) | ▲ | ▲c | ||||
| Ferreira (2016) (30) | ▲ | ▬d | ||||
| Kamkhagi (2015) (31) | ▲ | ▲ | ▲ | ▲e | ||
| Marinho (2021) (32) | ▬ | |||||
| Martini de Oliveira (2019) (33) | ▲ | |||||
| Novelli (2018) (34) | ▬ | ▲ | ▲ | |||
| Prado Sanchez (2020) (35) | ▬ | ▬ | ▲ | |||
| Suemoto (2014) (36) Ω | ▬ | |||||
| Alvarez (2018) (*) (37) | ▲ | |||||
| Arango-Lasprilla (2014) (38) | ▲ | ▲ | ▬ | ▲f | ||
| Guerra (2011) (39) | ▲ | ▬ | ▬ | ▬g | ||
| Serrani (2012) (40) Ω | ▬ | |||||
| Villareal-Reyna (2012) (41) | ▲ | ▲h | ||||
| Total studies (n=20) including the outcome. | 4 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| Percentage of studies who measured the outcome with positive results | 25% (1) | 54.5% (6) | 60% (3) | 42.9% (2) | 57.1% (4) | 75% (6) |
= non-RCT comparison group studies; PLWD: Person living with dementia; ▲= improvement; ▬ = no differences; [blank space]: outcome not included in the study.
saliva-cortisol level;
knowledge, and perception of problematic behaviors;
self-compassion, attention, and subjective vitality;
coping strategies;
body self-awareness;
satisfaction with life;
psychological morbidity;
attitude to care.
the results show improvement, nevertheless, the authors did not conduct a hypothesis test to calculate statistical significance.
= The study has a post intervention follow-up measurement: one year post-intervention (Campos, 2019); one week after intervention (Suemoto, 2014); six months after intervention (Serrani 2012).
Table order: 1) non-RCT comparison group trials alphabetically by author last name (n=3), 2) RCTs alphabetically by author last name according to country of origin (Brazil, Cuba, Colombia, Perú, Argentina, México) (n=17).