Table 1.
Comparison of Baseline Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes Before and After PSM
| Before PSM |
After Propensity Score Matching PSM |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy With SGLT2i (n = 2,417) | Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Without SGLT2i (n = 32,860) | P Value | Std. Diff. | Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy With SGLT2i (n = 2,153) | Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Without SGLT2i (n = 2,153) | P Value | Std. Diff | |
| Age, y | 73.8 ± 11.1 | 75.3 ± 12.6 | <0.001 | 0.130 | 74.2 ± 10.8 | 74.4 ± 14.1 | 0.569 | 0.017 |
| Age at index, y | 72.0 ± 11.4 | 70.8 ± 13.0 | <0.001 | 0.097 | 72.4 ± 11.1 | 72.6 ± 14.6 | 0.574 | 0.017 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1,584 | 17,577 | <0.001 | 0.247 | 1,392 | 1,401 | 0.774 | 0.009 |
| Female | 727 | 14,025 | <0.001 | 0.264 | 664 | 657 | 0.817 | 0.007 |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 1,303 | 19,555 | <0.001 | 0.113 | 1,171 | 1,159 | 0.714 | 0.011 |
| African American | 590 | 4,947 | <0.001 | 0.237 | 513 | 512 | 0.971 | 0.001 |
| Asian | 88 | 1,490 | <0.001 | 0.045 | 80 | 88 | 0.529 | 0.019 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 2,123 | 17,227 | <0.001 | 0.839 | 1,872 | 1,901 | 0.180 | 0.041 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,355 | 6,717 | <0.001 | 0.788 | 1,149 | 1,172 | 0.482 | 0.021 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1,252 | 7,337 | <0.001 | 0.641 | 1,074 | 1,074 | 1.000 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 783 | 4,676 | <0.001 | 0.440 | 661 | 641 | 0.507 | 0.020 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.3 ± 6.8 | 27.5 ± 6.5 | <0.001 | 0.272 | 29.2 ± 6.7 | 28.6 ± 7.1 | 0.016 | 0.082 |
| Medications | ||||||||
| Beta-blockers | 1,910 | 12,892 | <0.001 | 0.885 | 1,673 | 1,676 | 0.912 | 0.003 |
| ARBs | 1,270 | 5,631 | <0.001 | 0.800 | 1,077 | 1,067 | 0.761 | 0.009 |
| ACEi | 1,132 | 7,489 | <0.001 | 0.522 | 982 | 978 | 0.903 | 0.004 |
| ARNI | 407 | 421 | <0.001 | 0.545 | 236 | 229 | 0.731 | 0.010 |
| Statin | 1,226 | 7,328 | <0.001 | 0.635 | 1,040 | 1,060 | 0.801 | 0.007 |
| Diuretics | 2,143 | 12,543 | <0.001 | 1.231 | 1,880 | 1,916 | 0.090 | 0.052 |
| Spironolactone | 1,216 | 2,822 | <0.001 | 0.940 | 754 | 753 | 0.533 | 0.020 |
| Eplerenone | 163 | 196 | <0.001 | 0.315 | 65 | 67 | 0.859 | 0.006 |
| Tafamidis | 642 | 419 | <0.001 | 0.720 | 281 | 241 | 0.062 | 0.057 |
| Heart function | ||||||||
| LVEF, % | 49.2 ± 16.5 | 54.4 ± 14.8 | <0.001 | 0.332 | 50.5 ± 16.0 | 51.5 ± 16.3 | 0.257 | 0.067 |
| ≥50% | 565 | 2,703 | <0.001 | 0.425 | 465 | 469 | 0.882 | 0.005 |
| 41%-50% | 265 | 680 | <0.001 | 0.366 | 189 | 192 | 0.872 | 0.005 |
| ≤40% | 252 | 620 | <0.001 | 0.361 | 180 | 177 | 0.868 | 0.005 |
| NYHA functional class | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 0.125 | 0.215 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 0.894 | 0.027 |
| Clinical Outcomes Before and After PSM After 1-Month, 1-and 3-Year Follow-Ups |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| After 1-Month Follow-Up |
||||
| RR Before PSM | P Value | RR After PSM | P Value | |
| All-cause mortality | 0.27 (95% CI: 0.19-0.38), (34 vs 1,537) | <0.001 | 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19-0.44), (27 vs 93) |
<0.001 |
| MACE | 0.56 (95% CI: 0.37-0.84), (24 vs 537) | 0.005 | 0.36 (95% CI: 0.20-0.67), (15 vs 35) |
0.001 |
| Ischemic stroke | 0.32 (95% CI: 0.19-0.53), (15 vs 588) | <0.001 | 0.44 (95% CI: 0.21-0.95), (10 vs 21) |
0.031 |
| Heart failure | 1.25 (95% CI: 0.77-2.00), (17 vs 634) | 0.355 | 0.84 (95% CI: 0.45-1.58), (15 vs 26) |
0.605 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.04 (95% CI: 0.68-1.59), (22 vs 421) | 0.839 | 0.83 (95% CI: 0.45-1.54), (18 vs 23) |
0.566 |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 1.15 (95% CI: 0.68-1.95), (15 vs 195) | 0.586 | 0.98 (95% CI: 0.43-2.21), (11 vs 12) |
0.961 |
| After 1-y follow-up | ||||
| All-cause mortality | 0.62 (95% CI: 0.55-0.70), (254 vs 5,004) |
<0.001 | 0.51 (95% CI: 0.43-0.60), (191 vs 371) |
<0.001 |
| MACE | 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64-0.93), (106 vs 1726) |
0.008 | 0.55 (95% CI: 0.42-0.74), (74 vs 114) |
<0.001 |
| Ischemic stroke | 0.63 (95% CI: 0.50-0.79), (74 vs 1,471) |
<0.001 | 0.64 (95% CI: 0.44-0.92), (47 vs 69) |
0.016 |
| Heart failure | 1.40 (95% CI: 1.09-1.80), (57 vs 1890) |
0.008 | 0.89 (95% CI: 0.64-1.23), (51 vs 84) |
0.494 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.46 (95% CI: 1.21-1.70), (108 vs 1,478) |
<0.001 | 0.91 (95% CI: 0.68-1.22), (77 vs 90) |
0.547 |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 1.77 (95% CI: 1.40-2.19), (93 vs 787) | <0.001 | 1.10 (95% CI: 0.78-1.54), (65 vs 63) |
0.572 |
| After 3-y follow-up | ||||
| All-cause mortality | 0.63 (95% CI: 0.56-0.67), (409 vs 7,906) |
<0.001 | 0.53 (95% CI: 0.46-0.60), (289 vs 540) |
<0.001 |
| MACE | 0.78 (95% CI: 0.67-0.90), (163 vs 2,584) |
0.001 | 0.64 (95% CI: 0.51-0.81), (113 vs 148) |
<0.001 |
| Ischemic stroke | 0.56 (95% CI: 0.46-0.69), (96 vs 2078) |
<0.001 | 0.51 (95% CI: 0.37-0.69), (60 vs 108) |
<0.001 |
| Heart failure | 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02-1.57), (73 vs 2,677) |
0.031 | 0.91 (95% CI: 0.68-1.22), (61 vs 101) |
0.531 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.35 (95% CI: 1.16-1.56), (160 vs 2,325) |
<0.001 | 0.91 (95% CI: 0.72-1.14), (115 vs 137) |
0.434 |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 1.59 (95% CI: 1.33-1.89), (134 vs 1,234) |
<0.001 | 0.86 (95% CI: 0.65-1.13), (87 vs 108) |
0.303 |
Values are mean ± SD or % unless otherwise indicated. The bold values show significant association.
ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI = angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular events; PSM = propensity score matching; SGLT2i = sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.