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Identification of DEGs. (A) PCA clustering plot of GSE112943, GSE157293, and GSE175759 before batch effects were removed; (B) PCA clustering plot showing that the batch effects were removed; (C) Volcano plots of DEGs between LNs and controls; (D) Heatmap of LNs with the first 40 DEGs from healthy samples. Red: Upregulation; Blue: Downregulation; LN: Lupus nephritis; DEGs: Differentially expressed genes; PCA: Principal component analysis.
