. 2024 Nov 13;17(11):2517–2526. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.2517-2526

Table-3.

Duodenum histological examinations.

Parameter (μm)	Day	Control M (SD)	Probiotic M (SD)	p-value	d
Villi length	1 d	532 (127)^a	528 (116)^a	0.721	NA
	7 d	1142 (175)^b	1174 (168)^b	0.024	0.18
	14 d	1523 (241)^c	1551 (206)^c	0.135	NA
	21 d	1509 (206)^c	1583 (172)^c	<0.001	0.39
	28 d	1580 (222)^d	1697 (254)^d	<0.001	0.49
	35 d	1686 (207)^e	1758 (204)^e	<0.001	0.35
p-value		<0.001	<0.001
Villi width	1 d	89 (20)^a	88 (19)^a	0.752	NA
	7 d	166 (37)^b	173 (37)^b	0.025	0.18
	14 d	200 (42)^c	214 (45)^c	<0.001	0.30
	21 d	215 (46)^d	213 (42)^c	0.642	NA
	28 d	229 (41)^e	240 (50)^d	0.002	0.25
	35 d	246 (49)^f	246 (48)^d	0.888	NA
p-value		< 0.001	< 0.001
Crypt depth	1 d	74 (12)^a	76 (13)^a	0.152	NA
	7 d	143 (31)^b	148 (22)^b	0.031	0.18
	14 d	190 (29)^c	185 (32)^c	0.078	NA
	21 d	199 (27)^d	206 (31)^d	0.003	0.25
	28 d	214 (34)^e	220 (33)^e	0.021	0.19
	35 d	225 (39)^e	239 (43)^f	<0.001	0.33
p-value		< 0.001	< 0.001
Muscle layer thickness	1 d	70 (20)^a	76 (20)^a	<0.001	0.31
	7 d	116 (35)^b	120 (30)^b	0.187	NA
	14 d	129 (37)^c	135 (39)^c	0.040	0.17
	21 d	142 (36)^d	142 (33)^d	0.950	NA
	28 d	157 (37)^e	163 (41)^e	0.065	NA
	35 d	170 (55)^f	174 (47)^f	0.328	NA
p-value		< 0.001	< 0.001
Villi length/crypt depth	1 d	7.3 (2.1)^a	7.1 (1.7)^a	0.222	NA
	7 d	8.5 (4.3)^b	8.3 (3.8)^b	0.516	NA
	14 d	8.2 (1.5)^c	8.5 (1.4)^c	0.002	0.26
	21 d	7.7 (1.2)^a	7.8 (1.2)^d	0.185	NA
	28 d	7.7 (4.2)^a	7.8 (1.5)^d	0.655	NA
	35 d	8.1 (6.2)^d	8.1 (6.8)^b	0.901	NA
p-value		< 0.001	< 0.001

M=Mean, SD=Standard deviation, d=Cohen’s d (effect size). Values with different superscript letters (a–e) in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05)