Table 1.
Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Clinical Characteristics of U.S. Adults with Diabetes by Electronic Health Literacy (EHL) Status (2011–2018).
|
Full Sample (N = 27,096) |
Electronic Health Literacy (n = 9,958) | Low Electronic Health Literacy (n = 17,138) | P-Values* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 62.3 (0.1) | 57.8(0.2) | 65.2(0.1) | <0.0001 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 12,629 (47.5) | 4609 (47.3) | 8020 (47.6) | 0.7513 |
| Female | 14,467 (52.5) | 5349 (52.7) | 9118 (52.4) | |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 15,791 (63.3) | 6862 (72) | 8929 (57.6) | <0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 4943 (16.3) | 1384 (12.7) | 3559 (18.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 2071 (6.6) | 739 (6.5) | 1332 (6.7) | |
| Hispanic | 4235 (13.8) | 948 (8.8) | 3287 (17.1) | |
| Income/Poverty, n (%) | ||||
| <100 % Federal poverty limit | 5106 (18.9) | 1070 (10.8) | 4036 (24.4) | <0.0001 |
| 100–200 % FPL | 6207 (23.9) | 1606 (16.5) | 4601 (28.8) | |
| 200+% FPL | 13,834 (57.2) | 6793 (72.8) | 7041 (46.8) | |
| English Proficiency+, n (%) | ||||
| English Proficiency | 17,206 (92.9) | 7120 (98.5) | 10,086 (88.9) | <0.0001 |
| Limited English Proficiency (LEP) | 1415 (7.1) | 112 (1.5) | 1303 (11.1) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than High school education | 6119 (21) | 627 (6.1) | 5492 (30.6) | <0.0001 |
| High School Education and Some College | 12,735 (47.6) | 4490 (53.5) | 8245 (49.3) | |
| College Graduate or Higher | 8089 (31.4) | 4825 (40.4) | 3264 (20) | |
| Marital Status, n (%) | ||||
| Married | 12,570 (46.8) | 5378 (54.2) | 7192 (42) | <0.0001 |
| Widowed /Separated | 10,965 (40.1) | 3149 (31.3) | 7816 (45.8) | |
| Single/Never Married | 3512 (13.1) | 1411 (14.6) | 2101 (12.2) | |
| CV Risk Factors, n (%) | ||||
| Myocardial Infarction | 6096 (22.3) | 1808 (18.1) | 4288 (25.1) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 2690 (9.9) | 666 (6.9) | 2024 (11.9) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 20,028 (73.2) | 6957 (69.3) | 13,071 (75.7) | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular Disease | 9716 (35.9) | 3070 (30.9) | 6646 (39.1) | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | 4591 (17.4) | 1724 (17.6) | 2867 (17.2) | 0.4704 |
| Arthritis | 13,361 (49.5) | 4762 (47.9) | 8599 (50.5) | 0.0002 |
| COPD/Asthma | 6144 (22.6) | 2406 (23.8) | 3738 (21.8) | 0.001 |
*
Statistical significance for differences between groups was assessed using T-tests for continuous variables and Chi-squared tests for categorical variables.
+
Limited English Proficiency (LEP) was reported by those responding, “Not well” or “Not at all” to the question “How well is English spoken?”