Table 2. Acaricidal activity of EPNs, EO, and AgNPs on the camel tick, H. dromedarii larva in-vitro.
| Treatments | Conc. | aMortality % | Treatment means | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 h | 48 h | 72 h | 96 h | |||
| Steinernema sp. (IJs) | 1,200 | 80.5 ± 2.3 | 82.6 ± 1.8 | 86.8 ± 0.0 | 89.0 ± 0.5 | 65.3e |
| 600 | 67.9 ± 1.7 | 69.5 ± 1.3 | 72.6 ± 0.6 | 75.8 ± 1.3 | ||
| 300 | 57.9 ± 1.7 | 59.5 ± 0.6 | 62.6 ± 1.0 | 71.1 ± 0.8 | ||
| 150 | 37.9 ± 2.0 | 39.5 ± 1.4 | 42.6 ± 1.3 | 48.4 ± 1.1 | ||
| H. indica (IJs) | 1,200 | 89.5 ± 0.8 | 93.2 ± 0.6 | 95.8 ± 0.6 | 99.0 ± 0.6 | 80.2d |
| 600 | 81.1 ± 1.0 | 83.7 ± 1.0 | 88.4 ± 0.6 | 92.1 ± 0.0 | ||
| 300 | 70.5 ± 1.0 | 72.1 ± 1.1 | 76.3 ± 1.2 | 82.1 ± 1.0 | ||
| 150 | 59.0 ± 0.6 | 62.1 ± 0.6 | 65.3 ± 0.5 | 73.2 ± 0.5 | ||
| EO (mg/mL) | 25 | 49.5 ± 1.5 | 52.1 ± 1.0 | 54.7 ± 0.5 | 60.5 ± 0.0 | 40.1f |
| 20 | 40.6 ± 1.7 | 43.7 ± 1.1 | 46.3 ± 0.6 | 50.5 ± 1.0 | ||
| 15 | 30.0 ± 1.3 | 31.6 ± 0.8 | 34.7 ± 0.5 | 39.5 ± 0.8 | ||
| 10 | 22.6 ± 1.1 | 25.3 ± 0.6 | 27.9 ± 0.5 | 31.6 ± 0.0 | ||
| AgNPs (mg/L) | 2 | 43.2 ± 0.6 | 45.8 ± 1.1 | 48.4 ± 0.6 | 51.6 ± 1.1 | 35.0g |
| 1.5 | 33.2 ± 1.1 | 35.8 ± 0.6 | 38.4 ± 0.6 | 43.2 ± 0.6 | ||
| 1 | 27.4 ± 0.6 | 29.5 ± 0.5 | 31.6 ± 0.0 | 35.8 ± 0.6 | ||
| 0.5 | 18.4 ± 0.8 | 22.1 ± 0.6 | 25.3 ± 0.6 | 29.0 ± 0.8 | ||
| Steinernema sp. (500 IJs) + EO (mg/mL) | 25 | 93.7 ± 0.6 | 94.7 ± 0.0 | 97.9 ± 1.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 87.1b |
| 20 | 86.3 ± 1.0 | 87.9 ± 0.6 | 91.1 ± 0.6 | 95.8 ± 0.6 | ||
| 15 | 80.0 ± 0.6 | 82.6 ± 0.6 | 85.3 ± 0.6 | 88.9 ± 0.5 | ||
| 10 | 72.1 ± 1.1 | 73.7 ± 0.0 | 79.5 ± 0.5 | 84.2 ± 0.8 | ||
|
H. indica (500 IJs) + EO (mg/mL) |
25 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 94.7a |
| 20 | 97.9 ± 1.3 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | ||
| 15 | 87.9 ± 1.1 | 92.1 ± 0.8 | 96.3 ± 1.1 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | ||
| 10 | 80.0 ± 0.6 | 82.1 ± 0.5 | 86.3 ± 0.5 | 93.2 ± 0.6 | ||
| Steinernema sp. (500 IJs) + AgNPs (mg/L) | 2 | 90.0 ± 0.5 | 91.1 ± 0.6 | 93.7 ± 0.6 | 93.7 ± 0.6 | 80.0d |
| 1.5 | 82.6 ± 0.6 | 84.2 ± 0.0 | 87.4 ± 0.5 | 87.4 ± 0.5 | ||
| 1 | 72.1 ± 1.1 | 74.7 ± 1.3 | 78.4 ± 2.1 | 78.4 ± 2.1 | ||
| 0.5 | 63.7 ± 1.5 | 65.3 ± 1.0 | 68.4 ± 0.8 | 68.4 ± 0.8 | ||
|
H. indica (500 IJs) + AgNPs (mg/L) |
2 | 92.1 ± 0.0 | 94.2 ± 0.5 | 97.4 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 85.8c |
| 1.5 | 83.7 ± 0.5 | 85.3 ± 0.6 | 89.0 ± 0.5 | 93.7 ± 0.6 | ||
| 1 | 78.4 ± 0.5 | 80.5 ± 0.6 | 83.7 ± 1.0 | 87.9 ± 0.6 | ||
| 0.5 | 72.1 ± 0.6 | 73.7 ± 0.0 | 77.9 ± 0.6 | 82.6 ± 0.6 | ||
| Exposure time means | 67.0d | 69.1c | 72.2b | 75.8a | ||
Notes:
a
Five replicates, each containing 200 larvae, were used in this experiment to represent each treatment.
b
The mortality ± standard error was denoted by the numbers in each column. Within a column or row, means with different letters show significant variations (P < 0.05 using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test).