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TLR4 signaling and cellular outcomes. This figure depicts how TLR4 triggers the activation of inflammasomes through distinct signaling pathways, ultimately leading to cell death. TLR4 activates different inflammasomes through the NF-κB pathway, which in turn activate caspase-1 and release pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18 secretion, leading to pyroptosis. TLR4 can also induce apoptosis by activating caspase-8 and downstream effector caspase-3.
