Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Frail (n=143) | Non-frail (n=373) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 75 (72,78) | 74 (72,77) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Male | 74 (52) | 189 (51) |
| Female | 69 (48) | 184 (49) |
| Height (cm) | 165 (160, 170) | 163 (158, 170) |
| Body weight (kg) | 67 (60, 75) | 66 (59, 73) |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 25.0 (22.5, 26.7) | 24.5 (22.2, 27.0) |
| Education level, n (%) | ||
| High school or above, n (%) | 38 (26.6) | 103 (27.6) |
| Below high school, n (%) | 105 (73.4) | 270 (72.4) |
| Preoperative MMSE | 27 (25, 28) | 27 (25, 28) |
| Alcohol consumption history, n (%) | 36 (25.2) | 111 (29.8) |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 41 (28.7) | 102 (27.4) |
| aCCI | 5 (4, 7) | 4 (3, 5) |
| ASA physical status ≥ 3, n (%) | 75 (52.4) | 97 (26.0) |
| Delirium, n (%) | 45 (31.5) | 65 (17.4) |
| Surgery category, n (%) | ||
| Thoracic surgery | 10 (7.0) | 29 (7.8) |
| Spine surgery | 26 (18.2) | 16 (4.3) |
| Joint surgery | 36 (25.2) | 131 (35.1) |
| General surgery | 41 (28.7) | 120 (32.2) |
| Gynecological surgery | 6 (4.2) | 7 (1.9) |
| Urological surgery | 15 (10.5) | 50 (13.4) |
| Ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery | 3 (2.1) | 3 (0.8) |
| Other | 6 (4.2) | 17 (4.6) |
| Type of anesthesia | ||
| General anesthesia, n (%) | 117 (81.8) | 308 (82.6) |
| Non-general anesthesia, n (%) | 26 (18.2) | 65 (17.4) |
| Postoperative analgesia, n (%) | ||
| Yes | 104 (72.7) | 237 (63.5) |
| No | 39 (27.3) | 136 (36.5) |
| Operative time, min (median (IQR)) | 123 (89, 201) | 109 (85, 178) |
| Duration of anesthesia, min (median (IQR)) | 150 (112, 232) | 136 (111, 219) |
| Intraoperative medications, n (%) | ||
| Propofol | 116 (81.1) | 311 (83.4) |
| Benzodiazepines | 132 (92.3) | 351 (94.1) |
| Opioid drugs | 119 (83.2) | 312 (83.6) |
| Glucocorticoids | 50 (35.0) | 108 (29.0) |
aCCI, age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; ENT, ear, nose and throat; IQR, interquartile range; MMSE, Mini Mental State Exam.