. 2025 Jan 17;15:2340. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86596-6

Table 2.

Glucose metabolic profile in the plasma.

		Glucose (mmol/L)	Insulin (mU/L)	HOMA-IR	HOMA-β	Glucagon (pg/ml)
	NC	10.000.53^a	27.880.33^a	12.93 ± 2.42^a	76.44 ± 11.22^a	24.268.75^a
	MC	12.151.45^b	19.900.49^b	10.42 ± 1.81^a	45.07 ± 5.66^b	81.4412.18^b
Male	LP	9.751.30^a	16.220.64^c	7.32 ± 1.38^b	55.30 ± 10.30^ab	52.568.48^c
	NP	10.330.93^a	24.190.69^d	10.79 ± 0.64^a	70.29 ± 12.07^a	56.058.47^c
	HP	9.931.12^a	23.080.83^d	11.43 ± 2.41^a	65.54 ± 22.41^ab	57.2116.58^c
	NC	7.761.17^a	20.761.12^a	7.14 ± 0.96^a	106.89 ± 44.07^a	30.542.34^a
	MC	8.471.41^a	15.741.21^b	5.88 ± 0.70^b	62.66 ± 19.85^b	60.419.21^b
Female	LP	7.371.28^a	16.590.86^b	5.42 ± 0.90^b	96.32 ± 39.68^ab	40.847.27^{a, c}
	NP	7.350.59^a	21.481.39^a	7.03 ± 0.86^a	113.60 ± 17.15^a	49.457.41^{c, d}
	HP	8.130.58^a	21.021.11^a	7.59 ± 0.59^a	91.96 ± 12.88^ab	55.6310.18^d

NC: normal control group, MC: model control group, LP: calorie-restricted low protein group, NP: calorie-restricted normal protein group, HP: calorie-restricted high protein group. Values are the mean ± SD. Mean values of the same sex within a column with different superscript letters (a, b, c, d) were significantly different (P < 0.05).