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Altered mitochondrial dynamics of the intestinal cells in UC induces mitochondrial fission and inhibits fusion while attenuating mitochondrial autophagy. This results in the reduction of ATP production and promotes the release of mtDNA, mtROS, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to inflammation and disruption of the intestinal barrier. Chronic inflammation and gut barrier disruption also activate mitochondrial fission and reduces autophagy, establishing a vicious cycle.
