Table 3.
Results of multilevel analysis for health risk behaviour in Japanese men: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of individual and regional variables.
| Variable | Current smoking (N = 19816) | Excess alcohol consumption (N = 18922) | Physical inactivity (N = 20728) | Poor dietary habits (N = 20728) | Stress (N = 19817) | Non-attendance of health check-up (N = 20148) | ||||||
| Individual | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) |
| Individual | ||||||||||||
| Age (10 years) | 0.81 | (0.78, 0.84) *** | 1.17 | (1.12, 1.21) *** | 0.93 | (0.90, 0.97) * | 0.71 | (0.69, 0.74) *** | 1.01 | (0.98, 1.04) | 0.88 | (0.84, 0.91) *** |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Single | 0.72 | (0.66, 0.78) *** | 0.62 | (0.56, 0.68) *** | 0.98 | (0.90, 1.07) | 1.04 | (0.96, 1.13) | 0.82 | (0.75, 0.88) *** | 1.73 | (1.58, 1.89) *** |
| Widow | 1.35 | (0.93, 1.95) | 0.83 | (0.55, 1.25) | 1.08 | (0.72, 1.62) | 1.28 | (0.87, 1.87) | 0.97 | (0.67, 1.41) | 1.11 | (0.71, 1.74) |
| Divorced | 1.89 | (1.55, 2.31) *** | 1.10 | (0.91, 1.33) | 1.14 | (0.93, 1.40) | 1.28 | (1.06, 1.53) * | 1.06 | (0.88, 1.27) | 1.75 | (1.43, 2.12) *** |
| Occupation a | ||||||||||||
| Profession | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Manager | 1.14 | (1.01, 1.28) * | 1.07 | (0.93, 1.22) | 0.94 | (0.83, 1.07) | 0.92 | (0.81, 1.05) | 1.03 | (0.92, 1.16) | 0.78 | (0.67, 0.92) *** |
| Clerk | 0.94 | (0.84, 1.06) | 0.97 | (0.85, 1.11) | 1.06 | (0.93, 1.20) | 0.96 | (0.85, 1.09) | 0.99 | (0.88, 1.11) | 0.59 | (0.50, 0.69) *** |
| Sales work | 1.31 | (1.17, 1.47) *** | 1.18 | (1.04, 1.34) * | 1.11 | (0.98, 1.25) | 1.06 | (0.94, 1.19) | 1.01 | (0.90, 1.13) | 1.68 | (1.47, 1.91) *** |
| Service work | 1.26 | (1.12, 1.42) *** | 1.13 | (0.98, 1.29) | 1.20 | (1.05, 1.37) * | 1.19 | (1.06, 1.35) ** | 1.07 | (0.95, 1.21) | 1.34 | (1.17, 1.54) *** |
| Agriculture | 1.16 | (0.97, 1.39) | 1.20 | (0.99, 1.46) | 1.03 | (0.85, 1.25) | 0.93 | (0.77, 1.11) | 0.73 | (0.61, 0.87) *** | 1.84 | (1.52, 2.24) *** |
| Trasnport | 1.61 | (1.39, 1.87) *** | 1.29 | (1.10, 1.51) ** | 1.19 | (1.01, 1.39) * | 1.35 | (1.16, 1.56) *** | 0.92 | (0.80, 1.06) | 1.08 | (0.91, 1.28) |
| Labour | 1.49 | (1.36, 1.63) *** | 1.26 | (1.14, 1.39) *** | 1.13 | (1.03, 1.25) * | 1.12 | (1.02, 1.23) * | 0.89 | (0.81, 0.98) * | 1.10 | (0.99, 1.22) |
| Others | 1.08 | (0.97, 1.20) | 0.91 | (0.80, 1.03) | 0.90 | (0.80, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.89, 1.11) | 1.03 | (0.92, 1.15) | 1.33 | (1.17, 1.50) *** |
| Income quintile | ||||||||||||
| 5th (highest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 4th | 1.11 | (1.01, 1.21) * | 0.96 | (0.87, 1.06) | 1.17 | (1.06, 1.29) *** | 1.08 | (0.98, 1.19) | 1.10 | (1.00, 1.20) * | 1.10 | (0.98, 1.24) |
| 3rd | 1.12 | (1.02, 1.23) * | 0.99 | (0.89, 1.10) | 1.31 | (1.19, 1.45) *** | 1.16 | (1.06, 1.28) ** | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.17) | 1.34 | (1.19, 1.50) *** |
| 2nd | 1.30 | (1.18, 1.43) *** | 1.03 | (0.92, 1.14) | 1.43 | (1.29, 1.58) *** | 1.26 | (1.14, 1.39) *** | 1.09 | (0.99, 1.20) | 1.99 | (1.77, 2.23) *** |
| 1st (lowest) | 1.29 | (1.17, 1.43) *** | 0.99 | (0.89, 1.10) | 1.42 | (1.28, 1.58) *** | 1.28 | (1.16, 1.42) *** | 1.15 | (1.05, 1.27) ** | 3.14 | (2.80, 3.52) *** |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Per capita income (million yen) | 0.89 | (0.71, 1.11) | 1.03 | (0.82, 1.29) | 1.05 | (0.92, 1.20) | 1.09 | (0.94, 1.26) | 1.44 | (1.24, 1.67) *** | 1.42 | (1.15, 1.76) ** |
| Unemployment (%) | 1.06 | (1.01, 1.12) * | 1.07 | (1.01, 1.13) * | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.02) | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.06) | 1.01 | (0.98, 1.05) | 1.11 | (1.05, 1.16) ** |
| Regional random variance (SE) b | 0.029 | (0.008) *** | 0.028 | (0.008) *** | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.004 | (0.003) | 0.005 | (0.003) | 0.029 | (0.009) ** |
| -2 log likelihood | 26317.0 | 22089.1 | 23313.1 | 25487.2 | 26207.1 | 19463.1 | ||||||
| Intra-regional correlation (%) | 8.0 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 8.0 | ||||||
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
a Profession = professional and technical workers; manager = managers and officials; clerk = clerical and related workers; agriculture = agriculture, forestiry and fishery workers; transport = workers in transport and communications; labour = craftmen, mining, production process, and construction workers and labourers.
b Variance at the regional level in a logit model