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. 2023 Nov 21;2(6):lnad046. doi: 10.1093/lifemedi/lnad046

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Higher Education Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 5. — Robotic arm-based 3D bioprinting strategies in tissue repair.(A) Six-axis robotic arm-based intraoperative 3D bioprinting for severe burn injury repair. a) Configurative construction of a six-axis robotic arm-based bioprinter, BioAssemblyBot (BAB), and printing workflow. b) Characterization of skin closure under different experimental conditions (Scale bars: 1 cm). Reproduced with permission [22]. Copyright 2022, ASPS. (B) Robotic in situ 3D bioprinting for large segmental bone defect repair. a) Typical bioprinting and repair workflow. b) Bioprinting procedure during surgery. c) Micro CT scans of bone reconstruction at 12 weeks post-operation in control and 3DP groups. d) 3D reconstruction images of the control group and 3DP groups. e) Golden trichrome characterization. General views in control groups and 3DP groups. f) Magnified images of 40 × (left) and 100 × (right) in control groups and 3DP groups. Reproduced with permission [23]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (C) Application of robotic-assisted 3D bioprinter in cartilage application. a) Configuration of the 6-DOF robot. b) Printing process of in situ 3D bioprinting in the rabbit knee joint. c) The toluidine blue staining. d) Safranin O staining. e) Collagen II staining (scale bar: 500 μm). Reproduced with permission [30]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (D) Customized six-axis bioprinting system for vascularized cardiac tissue biofabrication. a) Overview of the 3D bioprinting platform. b) Setup of the two-robot collaborative bioprinting platform. Two 6-DOF robotic arm-based bioprinters are loaded with bioink containing either Neutral Red-stained human cardiomyocytes (hCMs) (colored in red) or Fast Green-stained human endothelial cells (hECs) (colored in green) to perform bioprinting procedures on a vascular scaffold. c) Artificial blood vessel cultured in the bioreactor for post-printing 8 days shows overgrowth of hCMEC/d3-eGFP cells (left) and its zoom-in view (right). Post-printed artificial blood vessels were cultured in the bioreactor with perfusion of angiogenic factors for 4 days, 8 days, and 13 days. d) Histological characterizations of the print-and-differentiated vascularized cardiac tissues. hCMs (α-actinin) and hECs (VE-cadherin) are detected in post-differentiation day 30 and day 180. Reproduced with permission [31]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.