Table 3.
Summary of the latest research on robotic arm-based 3D bioprinting for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
| Printer type | Controlled attachment | Outcomes | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Six-axis robotic arm | Closed-loop tool centre point (TCP) calibration method | Cartilage injury healing 12 weeks post-printing | Cartilage defect repair | [30] |
| Ferromagnetic soft catheter robot | Magnetic actuation | 1. High printing accuracy and fidelity 2. Minimally invasive for internal organs |
1. Porcine tissue surface bioprinting 2. Rat liver surface bioprinting |
[39] |
| Extrusion-based robotic arm | Open loop computerized tomography (CT) scan | 1. Improvement in bone structure and mechanical strength 2. Regenerative bone tissue in the defect site |
Large segmental bone defect in the porcine model | [23] |
| Multi-arm dispensing system/micro-solenoid valve system | Open-loop selective laser sintering (SLS) scanning/laser scanner | 1. Bone tissue formation 2. Faster wound healing efficiency 3. Accelerated closure of dermis for soft tissue |
Hard and soft tissue reconstruction | [40] |
| Six-DOF robot bioprinter | In-house developed C++ scripts | 1. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of bioprinted blood vessels 2. Long-term survival of bioprinted cardiac tissues |
1. Cardiac tissue construction 2. In vivo organ developmental process mimicking 3. In vitro biofabrication of complex organs |
[31] |
| Deployable extrusion-based bioprinter “BioArm” | Home-written Python codes | 1. De novo synthesis of extracellular matrices 2. Enhanced cellular proliferation compared to the tumor alone 3D printed spheroid culture |
1. Tumor microenvironment research 2. Drug testing for cancer |
[41] |