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. 2025 Jan 20;31(1):96–104. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03341-8

Table 2.

Data sessions and training the closed-loop decoding algorithm

S no. Day Task D no. DOF OL blocks (trials) CL blocks (trials)a CL training time (min) Figure Notes
1 2395 CL finger decoding 1 4 2 (200) 7 (467) 24.3 1, 3, ED 3, ED 4
2 2400 CL finger decoding 2 4 2 (200) 3 (180) 9.8 1, 3, ED 3, ED 4
3 2402 CL finger decoding 3 4 2 (200) 5 (252) 14.1 1, 3, ED 35
3b +5 (250) 16.3 ED 5
4 2407 CL finger decoding 4 2 2 (200) 2 (100) 5.9 1, 3, ED 3, ED 4
5 2409 CL finger decoding 5 4 2 (200) 9 (450) 25.7 1, 3, ED 35
6 2 2 (200) 2 (100) 11.1 1, 3, ED 3,ED 4
6 2423 CL finger decoding 7 4 2 (200) 12 (585) 35.8 13, ED 1, ED 35 Open-loop data were used for the confusion plots in Extended Data Fig. 1. Closed-loop data were used in Figs. 24.
7b +2 (100) 5.5 2, ED 5
8 2 2 (200) 7 (297) 20.2 1, ED 3, ED 4 Attempted to overtrain the decoder by ReFIT training it over many closed-loop blocks after 100% of trials were completed
8b +3 (150) 5.1 2, 3, ED 5 Includes 1 block (50 trials) using the 4D decoder
7 2430 CL finger decoding 9 4 2 (200) 3 (150) 8.2 1, ED 3, ED 4
9b +2 (100) 5.1 2, ED 5
9c +1 (50) 2.5 2, ED 5
9d +7 (331) 16.8 13ED 5 Used in Fig. 3 for more trials (than earlier blocks)
9e +1 (50) 2.0 13, ED 5 Used in Fig. 3 for more trials (than earlier blocks)
10 2 1 (100) 1 (50) 1.5 2, 3, ED 5 Used in Fig. 3 for more trials (than earlier blocks)
10b +1 (50) 1.5 2, 3,ED 5 Used in Fig. 3 for more trials (than earlier blocks)
10c +1 (50) 2.0 2a, 3 Used in Fig. 3 for more trials (than earlier blocks)
8 2520 QC obstacle course 11 4 2 (200) 3 (150) 8.3
11b +4 (200) 10.3 4
11c +2 (100) 5.8
11d +2 (100) 4.7
9 2569 QC random rings 12 4 2 (200) 6 (269) 20.4 Open-loop blocks were performed using common average referencing, and closed-loop blocks used linear regression referencing

CL, closed-loop; CL training time, time to complete the closed-loop training blocks; D no., decoder number; ED, Extended Data Fig.; OL, open-loop; OL blocks required 5 min per 100 trials; QC, quadcopter; S, session.

a+, additional training blocks and trials.