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. 2025 Jan 21;15:2715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84959-z

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Determination of kidney function parameters illustrated by the levels of (A) Urea, (B) Creatinine, and (C) Uric acid in the plasma of male rats treated with different doses of RP, HANPs, and their combination for 50 days. Data are represented as mean ± SD. The same letter denotes no significant difference among experimental groups tested within each parameter separately, (p ≤ 0.05; n = 6; LSD, ANOVA test).