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. 2025 Jan 8;15:1502569. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1502569

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Copyright © 2025 Bian, Chen, Wang, Qu, Jiang, Sun and Liu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Observation on leaf vein patterns in birch. (A) Analysis of leaf vein traits in NT, H4, and RIH4 transgenic lines. The whole leaf stained by safranine O is used to investigate leaf vein systems. (B) Microscopic and anatomical observation on the primary vein of NT, H4, and RIH4 transgenic lines. The data are analyzed by the SPSS v24.0 software with Duncan’s test at p < 0.05 and presented as average values ± SE. The same letter indicates no significant difference, and different letters indicate a statistically significant difference. GT, ground tissue; Ph, phloem tissue; MT, mechanical tissue; X, xylem tissue; LE, lower epidermis; UE, upper epidermis.