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. 2025 Jan 8;15:1476940. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1476940

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Copyright © 2025 Wa, Zhao, Zhang, Qu, Chen, Chen, Huang and Gu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Transcript levels of galactose metabolism (A–D) and nucleotide sugar synthesis (E–G) associated genes of Streptococcus thermophilus 937 under different conditions. CDM + H = increasing histidine concentration to 15 mM in CDM; CDM + I = increasing isoleucine concentration to 15 mM in CDM; CDM + E = increasing glutamate concentration to 15 mM in CDM CDM + HIE = increasing histidine, isoleucine and glutamate concentrations to 15 mM in CDM. Error bars indicate SD of the mean of triplicates. Samples were analyzed using a T-test with Two-tailed calculations; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001.