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. 2025 Jan 8;12:1529736. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1529736

Table 2.

General Characteristics of the participants and one-way ANOVA analysis (n = 13,998).

Values Frequency (%) HEU F-/p-value
(M ± SD)
Segmentation assimilation type F = 2.93, p = 0.022
FCA 630 (4.5) 3.46 ± 3.21
FIA 4,575 (32.68) 3.27 ± 3.19
SAA 5,396 (38.55) 3.42 ± 3.32
SUA 3,397 (24.27) 3.38 ± 3.32
POR F = 52.49, P < 0.001
1–5 years 9,221 (65.87%) 3.11 ± 3.24
5–10 years 2,685 (19.18%) 3.90 ± 3.26
10–20 years 1754 (12.53%) 3.74 ± 3.40
More than 20 years 338 (2.41%) 3.87 ± 3.61
Gender t = 0.23, p = 0.8124
Male 7,163 (51.17%) 3.37 ± 0.04
Female 6,835 (48.83%) 3.36 ± 0.04
Ethnicity t = 5.25, P < 0.001
Han 12,632 (90.24%) 3.31 ± 0.03
Minority 1,366 (9.76%) 3.84 ± 0.10
Marital status t = 7.64, P < 0.001
Married 11,458 (81.85%) 3.46 ± 0.03
Unmarried 2,540 (18.15%) 2.91 ± 0.07
Employment status F = 7.50, P < 0.001
Employee with a fixed employer 6,225 (44.50%) 3.24 ± 3.32
Employee with unfixed employer 761 (5.40%) 3.24 ± 3.48
Employer 641 (4.62%) 3.52 ± 3.29
Self-employed worker 4,185 (29.9%) 3.56 ± 3.19
Others 177 (1.31%) 3.88 ± 3.66
Educational attainment F = 12.55, P < 0.001
Illiteracy 269 (1.92%) 2.17 ± 2.94
Primary school 1,604 (11.46%) 3.10 ± 3.32
Junior high school 5,815 (41.54%) 3.30 ± 3.23
High school/technical secondary school 3,710 (26.50%) 3.44 ± 3.27
Junior college 1,690 (12.07%) 3.64 ± 3.41
Undergraduate 865 (6.18%) 3.76 ± 3.41
Graduate 45 (0.32%) 3.58 ± 3.48
Hukou type F = 8.65, P < 0.001
Rural household registrations 11,619 (83.00%) 3.30 ± 3.29
Non-rural 1,557 (11.12%) 3.77 ± 3.41
Rural to residential 445 (3.18%) 3.86 ± 2.98
Non-rural to residential 42 (0.30%) 3.81 ± 2.62
Residential 330 (2.36%) 2.97 ± 3.22
Others 5 (0.04%) 3.40 ± 4.28
Insurance type
NRCMS t = 5.67, P < 0.001
Yes 8,650 (61.80%) 3.24 ± 0.03
No 5,348 (38.20%) 3.57 ± 0.05
URRBMI t = −6.45, P < 0.001
Yes 814 (5.82) 4.13 ± 0.12
No 13,184 (94.18) 3.32 ± 0.29
URBMI t = −5.02, P < 0.001
Yes 770 (5.50%) 3.94 ± 0.12
No 13,228(%) 3.33 ± 0.29
UEBMI t = −2.90, P = 0.0038
Yes 3,315 (23.7%) 3.51 ± 0.06
No 10,683 (76.3%) 3.32 ± 0.03
FI t = −9.94, P < 0.001
Yes 211 (1.5%) 5.60 ± 0.24
No 13,787 (98.5%) 3.33 ± 0.28
Time of access to health care F = 7.42, P < 0.001
Within 15 min 11,729 (83.8%) 3.35 ± 3.29
15–30 min 1956 (14%) 3.39 ± 3.27
30–60 min 275 (2%) 3.62 ± 3.51
More than an hour 38 (0.3%)
Establishment of health record t = −34.31, p < 0.001
Yes 3,925 (31.46%) 5.19 ± 0.05
No 8,551 (68.54%) 3.13 ± 0.03