Table 1.

Summary of included studies assessing physical activity to hip contact stress.

No.	Author (year)	Title	Sample/event size	Procedure	Aspect of activity	Aspect of hip contact stress
1	van den Bogert et al. (1999) [12]	An analysis of hip joint loading during walking, running, and skiing	9 male models	Analyzing hip contact force during walking (1.5 m/s), running (3.5 m/s), and various type of skiing using accelerometer and based on hip joint moment and lever arm	Walking, running, skiing (Alpine skiing in several styles)	Hip contact force
2	Assassi and Magnenat‐Thalmann (2016) [13]	Assessment of cartilage contact pressure and loading in the hip joint during split posture	11 ballet dancer models	Finite element analyses of hip contact pressure (Mpa), hip contact area (%), and hip contact force (%BW), during walking, standing, and split position	Walking, standing, splitting	Hip contact force, hip mean contact stress
3	Sangeux (2019) [5]	Biomechanics of the hip during gait	1 computerized model in 8 activities simulation	Analyzing and simulating hip biomechanics and hip contact force (based on Bergmann et al.)	Cycling, sitting down, standing up, squatting, walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, jogging	Hip contact force
4	Heller et al. (2005) [14]	Determination of muscle loading at the hip joint for use in preclinical testing	1 computerized model simulating walking and walking upstairs	Analyzing hip contact force during walking and stair climbing using computerized model	Walking, walking upstairs (in several % of stance phase of the gait cycle)	Hip contact force
5	Anderson et al. (2010) [15]	Effects of idealized joint geometry on finite element predictions of cartilage contact stresses in the hip	6 finite element models	Analyzing hip joint contact stress during several activities on subject‐specific FE models compared with a simple‐modified model	Walking, walking upstairs, and walking downstairs	Hip mean contact stress, hip peak contact stress
6	Altai et al. (2021) [16]	Femoral neck strain prediction during level walking using a combined musculoskeletal and finite element model approach	5 models	Analyzing femoral neck strain during walking using combination of FEM and computerized mechanical model	Walking (in several % of the gait cycle)	Hip contact force
7	Deng et al. (2018) [17]	Femoral neck stress in older adults during stair ascent and descent	17 models (7 males, 10 females)	Comparing hip contact force during stair ascent and stair descent using computerized hip model 17 models based on 7 males and 10 females	Walking upstairs and walking downstairs (in several % of stance phase of the gait cycle)	Hip contact force, hip peak contact stress
8	Harris et al. (2012) [18]	Finite element prediction of cartilage contact stresses in normal human hips	10 models	Analyzing cartilage contact stress of hip joint using FE based on 10 sample	Walking (several phase of gait), walking upstairs, walking downstairs	Hip contact force, hip mean contact stress, hip peak contact stress
9	Henak et al. (2013) [19]	Finite element predictions of cartilage contact mechanics in hips with retroverted acetabula	20 models (10 normal acetabulum, 10 retroverted acetabulum)	Analyzing hip contact stress of hip joint with normal acetabulum in comparation to retroverted acetabulum using finite elements models	Walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, chair rise	Hip peak contact stress, hip mean contact stress, contact area
10	Daniel et al. (2008) [20]	hip contact stress during normal and staircase walking: the influence of acetabular anteversion angle and lateral coverage of the acetabulum	1 mathematical models with modification of femoral anteversion and center edge angle	Analyzing hip center edge angle and femoral anteversion to determine hip contact pressure during several activities	Walking (in several % of gait phase), walking upstairs, walking downstairs	Normalized peak contact stress on body weight
11	Heller et al. (2001) [21]	influence of femoral anteversion on proximal femoral loading: measurement and simulation in four patients	Computerized model from four models	Analyzing proximal femoral loading based on femoral anteversion variation during several activities	Walking (% of gait phase), walking upstairs	Hip contact force
12	Duda, Schneider, and Chao (1997) [22]	Internal forces and moments femur during walking	1 model to analyze in several methods during activity	Describe the internal load state acting at different levels along the human femur during various phases of gait	Walking (% of gait phase)	Hip contact force
13.	Schache et al. (2018) [23]	Is running better than walking for reducing hip joint load	8 models adapted from eight participants (4 male, 4 females)	Analyzing and comparing hip contact force during walking and running	Walking (various steady state), running	Ground reaction force, hip joint contact force
14.	Costigan, Deluzio, and Wyss (2002) [24]	Knee and hip kinetics during normal stair climbing	35 students (15 males, 20 females) without any hip and knee complaints	Analyzing reaction force of the hip and knee joint using markers to measure estimated muscle force	Walking, walking upstairs	Hip reaction force, hip joint moments
15	Giarmatzis et al. (2015) [25]	Loading of hip measured by hip contact force at different speeds of walking and running	20 participants (10 males, 10 females)	Analyzing hip contact force using markers (50 retro‐reflective markers) to measure kinematic force and construct musculoskeletal modeling	Walking (various speeds)	Hip contact force, ground reaction force, hip joint moment
16	Debevec et al. (2010) [26]	One‐legged stance as a representative static body position for calculation of hip contact stress distribution in clinical studies	1 geometrical model representing normal walking (based on Bergmann study)	Analyzing hip joint reaction force during one‐leg stance and walking	One‐leg stance, walking	Normalized hip contact stress on body weight
17	Pellikaan et al. (2018) [27]	Ranking of osteogenic potential of physical exercises in post‐menopausal women based on femoral neck strains	14 musculoskeletal modeling and Finite Elements Modeling adapted from 14 post‐menopausal elderly women	Analyzing hip contact force (proximal femur) on osteoporotic condition in relation to post‐menopausal condition	Walking (various speeds), running, hopping, resistance training exercise	Normalized hip contact force on body weight (additional measurements: femoral displacements, peak tensile strains, peak compressive strains)
18	Henak et al. (2013) [28]	Specimen‐specific predictions of contact stress under physiological loading in the human hip: validation and sensitivity studies	5 finite elements models based on 5 cadaveric male models	Analyzing hip contact stress on several hip joint anatomical regions during various loading in the representation of walking downstairs	Walking downstairs (with various loading)	Hip peak contact stress, hip mean contact stress
19	Martell et al. (2014) [29]	Strain energy in the femoral neck during exercise	1 finite elements model generated from 1 cadaveric female on 15 weight‐bearing activities	Analyzing energy working on femoral neck during several activities	Chair up/down, step up, squat, squat with weight, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, walking (1.3 m/s), long jump, vertical jump, hip isokinetic motion	Hip joint reaction force (additional measurements: normalized strain energy on body weight)
20	Wang et al. (2005) [30]	The hip stress level analysis for human routine activities	1 computerized model on 8 different activities	Analyzing hip contact stress during eight daily activities using computerized modeling	Slow walking, normal walking, fast walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, standing up, sitting down, knee bend	Hip peak contact stress
21	Xiong et al. (2022) [31]	Changes in hip joint contact stress during a gait cycle based on the individualized modeling method of “gait‑musculoskeletal system‑finite element”	2 computerized model based on 1 male and 1 female	Analyzing hip joint dynamics characteristics and the changes in the hip contact stress during gait cycle	Walking (% gait cycle)	Hip peak contact stress