Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| DBOS quartile | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | 2067 | 1969 | 2217 | ||
| Age | 38.84 ± 11.72 | 39.18 ± 11.45 | 39.67 ± 11.33 | 39.43 ± 11.47 | 0.126 |
| Poverty level index | 2.18 ± 1.58 | 2.51 ± 1.63 | 2.67 ± 1.66 | 2.81 ± 1.69 | < 0.001 |
| < 1 | 555 (27.93%) | 463 (22.40%) | 379 (19.25%) | 390 (17.59%) | |
| ≥ 1, < 3 | 853 (42.93%) | 819 (39.62%) | 782 (39.72%) | 827 (37.30%) | |
| ≥ 3 | 579 (29.14%) | 785 (37.98%) | 808 (41.04%) | 1000 (45.11%) | |
| BMI | 29.41 ± 7.17 | 29.20 ± 7.11 | 28.76 ± 6.68 | 28.29 ± 6.42 | < 0.001 |
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 607 (30.55%) | 889 (43.01%) | 1026 (52.11%) | 1437 (64.82%) | |
| Female | 1380 (69.45%) | 1178 (56.99%) | 943 (47.89%) | 780 (35.18%) | |
| Ethnicity | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 218 (10.97%) | 283 (13.69%) | 306 (15.54%) | 372 (16.78%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 190 (9.56%) | 212 (10.26%) | 214 (10.87%) | 207 (9.34%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 741 (37.29%) | 743 (35.95%) | 694 (35.25%) | 848 (38.25%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 530 (26.67%) | 442 (21.38%) | 371 (18.84%) | 355 (16.01%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 213 (10.72%) | 295 (14.27%) | 311 (15.79%) | 352 (15.88%) | |
| Other Race | 95 (4.78%) | 92 (4.45%) | 73 (3.71%) | 83 (3.74%) | |
| Educational level | < 0.001 | ||||
| Less than 9th grade | 88 (4.43%) | 129 (6.24%) | 123 (6.25%) | 109 (4.92%) | |
| 9-11th grade | 302 (15.20%) | 242 (11.71%) | 204 (10.36%) | 181 (8.16%) | |
| High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 470 (23.65%) | 461 (22.30%) | 405 (20.57%) | 409 (18.45%) | |
| Some college | 751 (37.80%) | 702 (33.96%) | 599 (30.42%) | 683 (30.81%) | |
| College graduate or above | 376 (18.92%) | 533 (25.79%) | 638 (32.40%) | 835 (37.66%) | |
| Diabetes status | 0.363 | ||||
| Yes | 170 (8.56%) | 150 (7.26%) | 133 (6.75%) | 169 (7.62%) | |
| No | 1783 (89.73%) | 1883 (91.10%) | 1794 (91.11%) | 2004 (90.39%) | |
| Borderline | 34 (1.71%) | 34 (1.64%) | 42 (2.13%) | 44 (1.98%) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 0.594 | ||||
| Yes | 24 (1.21%) | 22 (1.06%) | 18 (0.91%) | 18 (0.81%) | |
| No | 1963 (98.79%) | 2045 (98.94%) | 1951 (99.09%) | 2199 (99.19%) | |
| Self-reported cancer | 0.064 | ||||
| Yes | 97 (4.88%) | 88 (4.26%) | 70 (3.56%) | 76 (3.43%) | |
| No | 1890 (95.12%) | 1979 (95.74%) | 1899 (96.44%) | 2141 (96.57%) | |
| Hypertension status | 0.170 | ||||
| Yes | 497 (25.01%) | 490 (23.71%) | 469 (23.82%) | 490 (22.10%) | |
| No | 1490 (74.99%) | 1577 (76.29%) | 1500 (76.18%) | 1727 (77.90%) | |
| Nutrient supplement use status | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 509 (25.62%) | 577 (27.91%) | 639 (32.45%) | 849 (38.29%) | |
| No | 1478 (74.38%) | 1490 (72.09%) | 1330 (67.55%) | 1368 (61.71%) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | ||||
| Current | 476 (23.96%) | 385 (18.63%) | 319 (16.20%) | 274 (12.36%) | |
| Former | 1265 (63.66%) | 1348 (65.22%) | 1292 (65.62%) | 1481 (66.80%) | |
| Never smoker | 246 (12.38%) | 334 (16.16%) | 358 (18.18%) | 462 (20.84%) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.166 | ||||
| Non-drinker | 285 (14.34%) | 301 (14.56%) | 271 (13.76%) | 273 (12.31%) | |
| 1 to < 5 drinks/month | 1484 (74.69%) | 1491 (72.13%) | 1434 (72.83%) | 1664 (75.06%) | |
| 5 to < 10 drinks/month | 106 (5.33%) | 135 (6.53%) | 124 (6.30%) | 132 (5.95%) | |
| 10 + drinks/month | 112 (5.64%) | 140 (6.77%) | 140 (7.11%) | 148 (6.68%) | |
| Physical activity | 0.279 | ||||
| Vigorous | 342 (17.21%) | 404 (19.55%) | 366 (18.59%) | 417 (18.81%) | |
| Moderate | 871 (43.83%) | 841 (40.69%) | 838 (42.56%) | 967 (43.62%) | |
| Light | 774 (38.95%) | 822 (39.77%) | 765 (38.85%) | 833 (37.57%) |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or percentage. Q, quartile; BMI, body mass index.DOBS: dietary oxidative balance score. Statistical analysis: One-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. Significance level: P < 0.01 (two-tailed). Bold values indicate statistical significance