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. 2025 Jan 7;12:1485513. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1485513

Table 2.

Financial distress and psychological distress: multivariable regression, from the National Health Interview Survey 2013–18.

OR for psychological distress
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Financial stress No financial stress Reference Reference Reference
Low financial stress 0.98 (0.64, 1.51) 1.05 (0.68, 1.62) 1.04 (0.68, 1.62)
Moderate financial stress 2.81 (1.95, 4.04) 2.86 (1.97, 4.15) 2.80 (1.92, 4.07)
High financial stress 6.30 (4.59, 8.64) 6.44 (4.63, 8.96) 6.17 (4.43, 8.61)

Model 1: Adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity.

Model 2: Adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, income status, education, insurance status, region, and citizenship status.

Model 3: Adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, income status, education, insurance status, region, citizenship status, and comorbidity status.