| Monoclonal antibodies |
Bevacizumab |
Avastin™ |
VEGF |
Inhibition of VEGF-A binding to its receptors; decrease of ECs growth and vessel formation; can be administered in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin; |
[119,120] |
|
Aflibercept |
EYLEA™, Zaltrap™ (ziv Aflibercept™) |
VEGF/PlGF |
decoy receptor for VEGF-A and PlGF with greater affinity than their natural receptors; inhibition of VEGF binding to VEGFR1 and VEGFR2; can be combined with pembrolizumab and IL-2; |
[121–123] |
|
Etaracizumab |
Abegrin™ |
αvβ3 integrin |
Binding to αvβ3 integrin and inhibiting its function; |
[124–126] |
|
Ramucirumab |
Cyramza™ |
VEGFR-2 |
Inhibition of VEGF binding by binding to VEGFR-2 receptor; inhibition of angiogenesis; |
[127] |
|
Ontuxizumab |
Ontuxizumab™ |
Endosialin |
Binds to endosialin (CD248/TEM1); inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth; |
[128] |
| Tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
Axtinib |
Inlyta™ |
c-SRC, Kit, and RET, VEGFR-1/2, |
Inhibition of VEGF signaling pathway; |
[129–131] |
|
Imatinib |
Imatinib™ |
PDGFR, c-kit, v-Abl |
Inhibition of PDGF signaling pathway; |
[132,133] |
|
Lenvatinib |
Lenvima™, Lenvatinib™ |
VEGFR, FGFR |
Inhibition of VEGF and FGF signaling pathways; can be combined with PD-L1 inhibitors; |
[134–136] |
|
Pazopanib |
Pazopanib™, Votrient™ |
c-kit, PDGFR-α/β, VEGFR-1/2/3 |
Inhibition of VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFR-α/β pathways; |
[137,138] |
|
Sorafenib |
Sorafenib™, Nexavar™ |
c-kit, FGFR-1, PDGFR-1, VEGFR |
Inhibition of PDGFR-1, VEGFR and FGFR-1 pathways; |
[139–141] |
|
Sunitinib |
Sunitinib™, Krka™, Sutent™, Sutinib™ |
VEGFR |
Inhibition of VEGFR pathway; |
[142,143] |
|
Vatalanib |
|
PDGFR-β, VEGFR-1/2/3 |
Inhibition of VEGFR and PDGFR-β pathways. |
[144] |
