Skip to main content
. 2025 Jan 9;5:1505834. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1505834

Table 3.

Pathways of crosstalk between brain and gut-microbiota.

From gut microbiota to brain From brain to gut microbiota
Immune system Immune system
  • -

    MAMPs induce cytokines production (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6)

  • -

    SCFAs induce cytokines production and stabilize tight junctions
  • -

    Modulates mucosal immune system
Neuroendocrine system Neuroendocrine system
  • -

    SCFAs induce 5-HT, GLP-1, PYY production
  • -

    Modulates 5-HT and catecholamines secretion

  • -

    Modulates cortisol production

  • -

    Modulates gut microbiota composition
Enteric nervous system Enteric nervous system
  • -

    MAMPs can interact with submucosal afferent nerve receptors

  • -

    Direct regulation of neurotransmitter precursors production (5-HT, dopamine, GABA, glutammate)
  • -

    Modulates dynorphin secretion
Circulatory system
  • -

    MAMPs directly affect the brain through blood-brain barrier

  • -

    Cytokines can modulate neurons and glial cells
Vagus nerve Vagus nerve
  • -

    Microbial metabolites direct action

  • -

    Modulation from EECs in gut epithelium
  • -

    Interacts with gut through efferent fibers

  • -

    Modulates catecholamines secretion

  • -

    Modulates intestinal mucosal permeability