TABLE 3.
Factors associated with purchasing frozen, fresh, canned, and dried fruits among participants of the 2021 consumer expenditure survey 2-wk purchase diary (n = 6028).
| Frozen fruits |
Fresh fruits |
Canned fruits |
Dried fruits |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted β1 | Adjusted β11 | Unadjusted β1 | Adjusted β11 | Unadjusted β1 | Adjusted β11 | Unadjusted β1 | Adjusted β11 | |
| Annual income2,3 | 3.17E–6 | 1.97E–6 | 2.32E–6 | 1.76E–6 | 2.35E–6 | 2.02E–6 | 1.68E–6 | 5.01E–7 |
| Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR1 | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR1 | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR1 | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR1 | |
| Age2 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 0.34 (0.18, 0.64) | 0.52 (0.27, 1.02) | 0.60 (0.48, 0.74) | 0.61 (0.48, 0.78) | 0.59 (0.38, 0.94) | 0.74 (0.45, 1.22) | 0.37 (0.16, 0.83) | 0.40 (0.17, 0.94) |
| High school graduate | 0.40 (0.26, 0.61) | 0.56 (0.35, 0.86) | 0.56 (0.47, 0.66) | 0.63 (0.52, 0.75) | 0.72 (0.52, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.26) | 0.46 (0.27, 0.78) | 0.51 (0.29, 0.89) |
| Some college or associate degree | 0.45 (0.31, 0.65) | 0.58 (0.39, 0.85) | 0.66 (0.56, 0.77) | 0.75 (0.63, 0.88) | 0.77 (0.58, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.29) | 0.50 (0.31, 0.80) | 0.55 (0.34, 0.91) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.55 (0.39, 0.79) | 0.62 (0.43, 0.89) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.52) | 0.83 (0.54, 1.28) | 0.89 (0.58, 1.38) |
| Master's degree or higher | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Race and ethnicity2,4 | ||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.91 (0.59, 1.41) | 1.03 (0.66, 1.60) | 0.80 (0.68, 0.96) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.28) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.48) | 0.87 (0.50, 1.51) | 0.98 (0.56, 1.71) |
| Native American, non-Hispanic | – | – | 0.99 (0.46, 2.12) | 0.98 (0.45, 2.14) | – | – | – | – |
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 1.82 (1.19, 2.77) | 1.53 (1.00, 2.36) | 1.35 (1.10, 1.66) | 1.27 (1.03, 1.57) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.45) | 1.51 (0.87, 2.62) | 1.39 (0.79, 2.44) |
| Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic | – | – | 1.02 (0.42, 2.51) | 1.05 (0.43, 2.61) | – | – | – | – |
| Multi-racial, non-Hispanic | – | – | 0.96 (0.60, 1.52) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) | 0.86 (0.35, 2.15) | 0.91 (0.36, 2.28) | – | – |
| Hispanic, any race | 0.62 (0.39, 0.99) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.16) | 1.20 (1.03, 1.40) | 1.43 (1.21, 1.68) | 0.80 (0.59, 1.10) | 0.99 (0.71, 1.37) | 0.71 (0.41, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.52, 1.65) |
| SNAP participation5 | 1.80 (1.02, 3.18) | 0.72 (0.40, 1.30) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.68) | 1.55 (1.05, 2.30) | 0.77 (0.51, 1.16) | 1.50 (0.78, 2.86) | 0.87 (0.44, 1.72) |
| Number of children in household | 1.19 (1.06, 1.34) | 1.18 (1.04, 1.35) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.22) | 1.13 (1.03, 1.24) | 1.21 (1.09, 1.34) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) | 1.25 (1.06, 1.48) |
| Model fit estimate | ||||||||
| Akaike information criterion (AIC) | – | 1925.29 | – | 7999.18 | – | 3064.80 | – | 1403.49 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; REF, reference category.
1
Adjusted models included all listed variables.
2
Reported by the main reference household member who completed the survey.
3
All P < 0.0001.
4
Some racial categories had insufficient cell sizes to be included in some of the models; thus, those results were not presented.
5
SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Households were considered SNAP participants if any SNAP benefit income was reported from the past 12 mo. The reference category was no SNAP participation.