Table 3.

PERMANOVA based on the Bray-Curtis distances between wild and captive khulans.

	Df	Sums Of Sqs	F-Model	R 2	p
Sex	1	0.267	0.978	0.027	0.414
Living condition	1	1.377	5.044	0.140	0.001***
Residuals	30	8.193	-	0.830	-
Total	32	9.870	-	1.0000	-

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Significance codes: ‘***’ 0.001, ‘**’ 0.01, ‘*’ 0.05, ‘.’ 0.1, Df: Degrees of freedom, F-Model: pseudo F-test statistic, R²: Variance explained and corresponding p value based on 999 permutations.