Table 1.
Maternal socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and rates of neonatal health outcomes.
| Characteristic | Total count | Neonatal health outcomes |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small for gestational age | Low birth weight | Very low birth weight | Preterm birth | Low Apgar score | ||
| Total | 108,525 (100.0%) | 2596 (2.4%) | 3314 (3.1%) | 590 (0.5%) | 5115 (4.7%) | 1687 (1.6%) |
| Region of origin | ||||||
| Sweden | 76,160 (70.2%) | 1546 (2.0%) | 2191 (2.9%) | 380 (0.5%) | 3644 (4.8%) | 1152 (1.5%) |
| Nordic countries, not including Sweden | 1196 (1.1%) | 18 (1.5%) | 30 (2.5%) | 6 (0.5%) | 48 (4.0%) | 20 (1.7%) |
| OECD, not including Nordic countries | 5279 (4.9%) | 132 (2.5%) | 165 (3.1%) | 24 (0.5%) | 241 (4.6%) | 61 (1.2%) |
| Outside OECD | 25,890 (23.9%) | 900 (3.5%) | 928 (3.6%) | 180 (0.7%) | 1182 (4.6%) | 454 (1.8%) |
| Education | ||||||
| Basic education <9 years | 3966 (3.7%) | 143 (3.6%) | 147 (3.7%) | 30 (0.8%) | 194 (4.9%) | 88 (2.2%) |
| Basic education ≥9 years | 6860 (6.3%) | 225 (3.3%) | 293 (4.3%) | 47 (0.7%) | 405 (5.9%) | 144 (2.1%) |
| Upper secondary education ≤2 years | 7804 (7.2%) | 240 (3.1%) | 296 (3.8%) | 55 (0.7%) | 413 (5.3%) | 158 (2.0%) |
| Upper secondary education 3 years | 28,860 (26.6%) | 635 (2.2%) | 917 (3.2%) | 174 (0.6%) | 1512 (5.2%) | 446 (1.5%) |
| Tertiary education <3 years | 15,477 (14.3%) | 370 (2.4%) | 459 (3.0%) | 80 (0.5%) | 692 (4.5%) | 208 (1.3%) |
| Tertiary education ≥3 years | 42,367 (39.0%) | 880 (2.1%) | 1107 (2.6%) | 193 (0.5%) | 1776 (4.2%) | 599 (1.4%) |
| Doctoral education | 930 (0.9%) | 23 (2.5%) | 18 (1.9%) | 1 (0.1%) | 21 (2.3%) | 10 (1.1%) |
| Unregistered | 2261 (2.1%) | 80 (3.5%) | 77 (3.4%) | 10 (0.4%) | 102 (4.5%) | 34 (1.5%) |
| Occupational type | ||||||
| Unemployed or unregistered occupation | 22,957 (21.2%) | 751 (3.3%) | 832 (3.6%) | 125 (0.5%) | 1154 (5.0%) | 383 (1.7%) |
| Military | 47 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (4.3%) | 1 (2.1%) |
| Manager | 2709 (2.5%) | 57 (2.1%) | 75 (2.8%) | 15 (0.6%) | 112 (4.1%) | 43 (1.6%) |
| Occupations requiring advanced level of higher education | 29,878 (27.5%) | 605 (2.0%) | 783 (2.6%) | 135 (0.5%) | 1274 (4.3%) | 424 (1.4%) |
| Occupations requiring higher education qualifications or equivalent | 10,291 (9.5%) | 184 (1.8%) | 247 (2.4%) | 44 (0.4%) | 435 (4.2%) | 120 (1.2%) |
| Administration and customer service clerk | 7284 (6.7%) | 154 (2.1%) | 191 (2.6%) | 39 (0.5%) | 340 (4.7%) | 100 (1.4%) |
| Service, care and shop sales worker | 27,624 (25.5%) | 643 (2.3%) | 906 (3.3%) | 175 (0.6%) | 1396 (5.1%) | 489 (1.8%) |
| Agricultural, horticultural, forestry and fishery worker | 526 (0.5%) | 9 (1.7%) | 14 (2.7%) | 4 (0.8%) | 27 (5.1%) | 12 (2.3%) |
| Building and manufacturing worker | 1139 (1.0%) | 27 (2.4%) | 41 (3.6%) | 9 (0.8%) | 62 (5.4%) | 14 (1.2%) |
| Mechanical manufacturing and transport worker | 1785 (1.6%) | 32 (1.8%) | 60 (3.4%) | 16 (0.9%) | 94 (5.3%) | 24 (1.3%) |
| Elementary occupations | 4285 (3.9%) | 134 (3.1%) | 164 (3.8%) | 28 (0.7%) | 219 (5.1%) | 77 (1.8%) |
| Civil status | ||||||
| Unmarried | 53,322 (49.1%) | 1230 (2.3%) | 1645 (3.1%) | 306 (0.6%) | 2590 (4.9%) | 853 (1.6%) |
| Married | 50,629 (46.7%) | 1224 (2.4%) | 1479 (2.9%) | 249 (0.5%) | 2243 (4.4%) | 745 (1.5%) |
| Divorced | 4426 (4.1%) | 138 (3.1%) | 185 (4.2%) | 35 (0.8%) | 274 (6.2%) | 85 (1.9%) |
| Widowed | 148 (0.1%) | 4 (2.7%) | 5 (3.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (5.4%) | 4 (2.7%) |
| Age | ||||||
| <25 years | 10,704 (9.9%) | 314 (2.9%) | 359 (3.4%) | 54 (0.5%) | 534 (5.0%) | 181 (1.7%) |
| 25–29 years | 34,471 (31.8%) | 750 (2.2%) | 969 (2.8%) | 169 (0.5%) | 1577 (4.6%) | 547 (1.6%) |
| 30–34 years | 38,875 (35.8%) | 873 (2.2%) | 1108 (2.9%) | 198 (0.5%) | 1743 (4.5%) | 544 (1.4%) |
| 35–39 years | 19,632 (18.1%) | 499 (2.5%) | 646 (3.3%) | 125 (0.6%) | 940 (4.8%) | 307 (1.6%) |
| ≥40 years | 4843 (4.5%) | 160 (3.3%) | 232 (4.8%) | 44 (0.9%) | 321 (6.6%) | 108 (2.2%) |
| Parity, including current birth | ||||||
| 1 | 45,964 (42.4%) | 1620 (3.5%) | 1909 (4.2%) | 352 (0.8%) | 2636 (5.7%) | 965 (2.1%) |
| 2 | 40,348 (37.2%) | 595 (1.5%) | 814 (2.0%) | 137 (0.3%) | 1445 (3.6%) | 424 (1.1%) |
| 3 | 14,928 (13.8%) | 225 (1.5%) | 349 (2.3%) | 63 (0.4%) | 593 (4.0%) | 183 (1.2%) |
| 4 | 4475 (4.1%) | 103 (2.3%) | 154 (3.4%) | 21 (0.5%) | 259 (5.8%) | 67 (1.5%) |
| ≥5 | 2810 (2.6%) | 53 (1.9%) | 88 (3.1%) | 17 (0.6%) | 182 (6.5%) | 48 (1.7%) |
| Average distance to closest 100 neighbors | ||||||
| 0–99 m | 43,257 (39.9%) | 1222 (2.8%) | 1449 (3.3%) | 267 (0.6%) | 2035 (4.7%) | 696 (1.6%) |
| 100–499 m | 51,138 (47.1%) | 1114 (2.2%) | 1484 (2.9%) | 248 (0.5%) | 2375 (4.6%) | 746 (1.5%) |
| ≥500 m | 14,129 (13.0%) | 260 (1.8%) | 381 (2.7%) | 75 (0.5%) | 705 (5.0%) | 245 (1.7%) |
| Individual disposable income | ||||||
| 0-99,999 SEK/year | 17,358 (16.0%) | 595 (3.4%) | 659 (3.8%) | 98 (0.6%) | 900 (5.2%) | 297 (1.7%) |
| 100,000–199,999 SEK/year | 55,458 (51.1%) | 1172 (2.1%) | 1563 (2.8%) | 271 (0.5%) | 2474 (4.5%) | 846 (1.5%) |
| 200,000–299,999 SEK/year | 28,284 (26.1%) | 648 (2.3%) | 840 (3.0%) | 172 (0.6%) | 1363 (4.8%) | 439 (1.6%) |
| 300,000–399,999 SEK/year | 5191 (4.8%) | 125 (2.4%) | 168 (3.2%) | 31 (0.6%) | 254 (4.9%) | 80 (1.5%) |
| 400,000–499,999 SEK/year | 1242 (1.1%) | 31 (2.5%) | 59 (4.8%) | 12 (1.0%) | 78 (6.3%) | 17 (1.4%) |
| ≥500,000 SEK/year | 992 (0.9%) | 25 (2.5%) | 25 (2.5%) | 6 (0.6%) | 46 (4.6%) | 8 (0.8%) |
| Mean disposable income among closest 100 neighbors | ||||||
| 0-99,999 SEK/year | 1884 (1.7%) | 73 (3.9%) | 76 (4.0%) | 9 (0.5%) | 91 (4.8%) | 42 (2.2%) |
| 100,000–199,999 SEK/year | 79,194 (73.0%) | 1982 (2.5%) | 2531 (3.1%) | 446 (0.6%) | 3869 (4.9%) | 1301 (1.6%) |
| 200,000–299,999 SEK/year | 25,922 (23.9%), | 513 (2.0%) | 672 (2.6%) | 131 (0.5%) | 1084 (4.2%) | 333 (1.3%) |
| 300,000–399,999 SEK/year | 1398 (1.3%) | 25 (1.8%) | 32 (2.3)% | 4 (0.3%) | 66 (4.7%) | 11 (0.8%) |
| 400,000–499,999 SEK/year | 123 (0.1%) | 3 (2.4%) | 3 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (4.1%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| ≥500,000 SEK/year | 4 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Distance to closest labor ward | ||||||
| 0–19 km | 74,228 (68.4%) | 1844 (2.5%) | 2277 (3.1%) | 405 (0.5%) | 3401 (4.6%) | 1061 (1.4%) |
| 20–39 km | 22,057 (20.3%) | 481 (2.2%) | 658 (3.0%) | 118 (0.5%) | 1072 (4.9%) | 376 (1.7%) |
| 40–59 km | 8269 (7.6%) | 186 (2.2%) | 260 (3.1%) | 50 (0.6%) | 433 (5.2%) | 172 (2.1%) |
| 60–79 km | 2261 (2.1%) | 47 (2.1%) | 73 (3.2%) | 10 (0.4%) | 118 (5.2%) | 48 (2.1%) |
| 80–99 km | 1137 (1.0%) | 22 (1.9%) | 34 (3.0%) | 6 (0.5%) | 61 (5.4%) | 20 (1.8%) |
| ≥100 km | 573 (0.5%) | 16 (2.8%) | 12 (2.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 30 (5.2%) | 10 (1.7%) |