Table 2.
Associations between Gini and Deaton indices and neonatal health outcomes. Increased Gini and Deaton indices indicate higher neighborhood income inequality and higher level of maternal financial disadvantage compared to their neighbors, respectively. All associations are shown for 0.1 increases of indices, both having a maximum range of 0–1. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) Average Marginal Effects (AME) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) are highlighted in bold.
| Index | Neighborhood scale | Neonatal health outcome |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small for gestational age (<10th percentile) |
Low birth weight (<2500 g) |
Very low birth weight (<1500 g) |
Preterm birth (gestational week <37) |
Low Apgar score (<7) |
|||||||
| AME | 95% CI | AME | 95% CI | AME | 95% CI | AME | 95% CI | AME | 95% CI | ||
| Gini index (neighborhood income inequality, 0.1 increment) | 100 neighbors | 0.00205 | −0.00016, 0,0.00427 | 0.00232 | −0.00016, 0.00480 | −0.00007 | −0.00115, 0.00100 | 0.00058 | −0.00246, 0.00361 | −0.00167 | −0.00350, 0.00016 |
| 400 neighbors | 0.00232 | −0.00039, 0.00504 | 0.00276 | −0.00029, 0.00580 | 0.00015 | −0.00116, 0.00147 | −0.00057 | −0.00433, 0.00318 | −0.00257 | −0.00486, -0.00028 | |
| 1600 neighbors | 0.00103 | −0.00217, 0.00424 | 0.00104 | −0.00256, 0.00465 | −0.00046 | −0.00202, 0.00111 | −0.00153 | −0.00598, 0.00292 | −0.00392 | −0.00667, -0.00117 | |
| 6400 neighbors | 0.00081 | −0.00295, 0.00457 | −0.00006 | −0.00431, 0.00419 | −0.00147 | −0.00336, 0.00041 | −0.00254 | −0.00778, 0.00270 | −0.00436 | −0.00760, -0.00112 | |
| Deaton index (maternal relative deprivation, 0.1 increment) | 100 neighbors | 0.00098 | 0.00042, 0.00153 | 0.00061 | −0.00005, 0.00126 | −0.00015 | −0.00044, 0.00014 | 0.00003 | −0.00081, 0.00086 | −0.00050 | −0.00116, 0.00016 |
| 400 neighbors | 0.00103 | 0.00047, 0.00158 | 0.00063 | −0.00004, 0.00129 | −0.00013 | −0.00042, 0.00016 | −0.00006 | −0.00090, 0.00079 | −0.00048 | −0.00114, 0.00018 | |
| 1600 neighbors | 0.00110 | 0.00054, 0.00166 | 0.00068 | 0.00001, 0.00135 | −0.00012 | −0.00041, 0.00018 | −0.00001 | −0.00087, 0.00088 | −0.00045 | −0.00112, 0.00021 | |
| 6400 neighbors | 0.00120 | 0.00064, 0.00176 | 0.00074 | 0.00007, 0.00141 | −0.00013 | −0.00043, 0.00016 | 0.00011 | −0.00074, 0.00096 | −0.00043 | −0.00111, 0.00025 | |