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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Sleep Health. 2024 Jan 22;10(2):221–228. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.11.013

Table 4.

In-Person Instruction, Sufficient Sleep Opportunity, and Limited Social Jetlag are associated with Lower Depressive and Anxiety symptoms

In-Person, Sufficient TIB, SJL<2hrs In-Person, Insufficient TIB and/or SJL≥2hrs Other Approach, Sufficient TIB, SJL<2hrs Other Approach, Insufficient TIB and/or SJL≥2hrs Test Statistic

Depressive Symptoms (n=237) (n=713) (n=1181) (n=1757) Pearson Chi Square(9)= 73.19, Cramer’s V(3)=.08, p<.001
% Within Normal Limits 14.8 11.9 12.2 8.2
% Mild 13.5 8.4 9.2 6.9
% Moderate 33.8 35.3 35.6 29.5
% Moderate-Severe 38.0 44.3 43.0 55.4
Anxiety Symptoms (n=239) (n=721) (n=1192) (n=1788) Pearson Chi Square(9)=51.20, Cramer’s V(3)=.07, p<.001
% Within Normal Limits 20.9 18.3 19.7 13.0
% Mild 15.9 12.6 9.6 10.5
% Moderate 41.4 46.3 45.0 46.3
% Moderate-Severe 21.8 22.7 25.8 30.3

Note: Sufficient TIB refers to time in bed ≥8 hrs among highschoolers, and ≥9hrs for middle schoolers.