Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Reference | Country | Study design | Study period | Population | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eHL intervention group (intervention group) |
usual care group (control group) |
|||||
|
Bevilacqua et al., 2021 [23], International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
Italy | Experimental non-randomised | NA |
n = 58, older adults, 34 M / 24 F, Age mean (SD): 68.2 (5.0) |
NA |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: Experiences and feelings toward technology (Survey of Technology Use - SOTU) |
|
Carroll et al., 2019 [40], Journal of General Internal Medicine |
USA | Pragmatic RCT | July 2014 - March 2017 |
n = 180, persons living with HIV, 112 M / 68 F, Age mean (SD): 51.7 (10.7) |
n = 179, persons living with HIV, 101 M / 75 F, 3 transgenders, Age mean (SD): 51.2 (11.3) |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: Patient Activation Measure (PAM) Health status (SF-12 mental; SF-12 physical); HIV Adherence Self-Efficacy (HIV Adherence Self-Efficacy scale); Undetectable viral load |
|
De la Hoz et al., 2021 [41], International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
Spain | Quasi experimental |
2016/2017- 2017/2018 |
n = 42, university students studying bioscientific training subjects, 14 M / 28 F |
NA |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: Zika virus (only post-test) with four open questions about scientific knowledge in health |
|
Güven et al., 2020 [42], Epilepsy & Behavior |
Turkey | RCT |
November 2017 - April 2018 |
n = 35, youth with epilepsy (10 focal seizure type, 22 generalized seizure type, 3 both seizure type), (3 more than 1 seizure in a week, 7 more than 1 seizure in a month, 16 more than one seizure in a year, 9 less than 1 seizure in a year). Time to get an epilepsy diagnosis: 6–12 months: 14, 13–36 months: 7, diagnosis 37–72 months: 10, diagnosis 73 month or more: 4, 16 F / 19 M, Age mean (SD) = 13.4 (2.72) n = 35 parents, 30 F / 5 M, Age mean (SD): 40.1 (4.50) |
n = 34, youth with epilepsy (2 focal seizure type, 30 generalized seizure type, 2 both seizure type), (0 more than 1 seizure in a week, 4 more than 1 seizure in a month, 17 more than one seizure in a year, 13 less than1 seizure in a year). Time to get an epilepsy diagnosis: 6–12 months: 8, 13–36 months: 11, diagnosis 37–72 months: 10, diagnosis 73 month or more: 5, 15 F / 19 M, Age mean (SD) = 13.1 (2.36) n = 34 parents, 23 F / 11 M, Age mean (SD): 39.6 (5.38) |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: SSES-C (Seizure Self-Efficacy Scale for Children 9–17 years), PeIF (Personal Information Form) Epilepsy Knowledge Test (EKT): CATIS (child attitude toward illness scale), WAMMI (website analysis and measurement inventory), PIF (Parental Identification Form), Parental Anxiety Scale for Seizures (PASS) Pediatric Epilepsy Medication, Self-Management Questionnaire (PEMSQ), Quality of Criteria for Consumer Health Information (DISCERN) |
|
Lyles et al., 2019 [43], Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine |
USA | RCT |
From June to October 2016 Recruitment April to July 2016 and follow-up period July to December 2016 |
i) In-Person training arm n = 44, English-speaking patients with 1 + chronic diseases, 23 F / 21 M, Age mean (SD): 56.3 (10) ii) Take-Home training arm n = 49 English-speaking patients with 1 + chronic diseases, 25 F / 24 M, Age mean (SD): 52.5 (14) |
n = 2,462 Usual care comparison group |
eHL (4-item eHEALS) Other outcomes: Portal log-in (yes/no) 3 to 6 months post-training, assessed via the electronic health record. Self-reported attitudes and skills collected via baseline and follow-up surveys. |
| Mitsuhashi, 2018 [44], PeerJ | Japan | RCT |
Rrecruitment from 14/09/2017 to 19/09/2017 Baseline questionnaire survey was administrated from 29/09/2017 to 03/10/2017 EG was exposed to e-learning program for 14 days, from 10/10/2017 to 23/10/2017 Follow-up online questionnaire from 23/10/2017 to 30/10/2017 |
n = 148 after the e-learning program 134 complete follow-up survey, 14 did not respond, Inclusion criteria: agreement to participate, interest in e-learning, and interest in health literacy, 74 F / 74 M, Age mean (SD): 40.2 (9.9) |
n = 153 after the e-learning program 148 complete follow-up survey, 5 did not respond. Inclusion criteria: agreement to participate, interest in e-learning, and interest in health literacy, 74 F / 77 M, Age mean (SD): 40.2 (10.2) |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: HEL (Healthy Eating Literacy scale), five-item scale that measures interactive and critical literacy about healthy diet. |
| Nokes et al., 2019 [45], Computers, informatics, nursing | USA | Cluster randomised trial | July 2013 - November 2014 |
i) Intervention 1 n = 50, members of a treatment program for low-income persons living with HIV (≥ 18 years old, English-speaking) 19 F / 31 M, Age mean (SD): 49.32 (10.46). 86% African American, 10% Hispanic-Latino, 54% more than High School, 44% AIDS diagnosis ii) Intervention 2 n = 50, members of a treatment program for low-income persons living with HIV (≥ 18 years old, English-speaking) 22 F / 28 M, Age mean (SD): 50.58 (8.98). 78% African American, 22% Hispanic-Latino, 52% more than High School, 34% AIDS diagnosis |
NA | eHL (eHEALS) |
|
Roh et al., 2023 [46], International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |
Korea | RCT | During COVID-19 quarantine period |
n = 62, female college students, Age mean (SD): 19.4 (0.5) |
n = 58, female college students, Age mean (SD): 19.5 (0.6) No group differences in the baseline general characteristics |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: Exercise Self-Schemata (ESS) questionnaire Health Behavior Scale (HBS) |
| Sanders et al., 2020 [47], Patient education and counseling | USA | RCT | 2014–2017 |
n = 180, English speaking, > 18 years old, with confirmed HIV diagnosis |
n = 179, English speaking, > 18 years old, with confirmed HIV diagnosis |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: BEHKA, HIV screening tool with score range 0–8, 1 point for every correct answer: low HIV literacy (0–3), marginal HIV literacy (4–5), adequate HIV literacy (6–8). REALM, validated screening tool for adult literacy in health care settings, each participants has to read 21 medical terms aloud: 0–13 inadequate literacy, 14–18 marginal literacy, 19–21 adequate literacy. NVS screening tool, it includes a nutrition label and 6 questions related to it |
|
Spindler et al., 2022 [48], mHealth |
Denmark | RCT | NA |
n = 67, adults with heart-failure-related hospitalization within the previous 2 weeks, 51 M / 16 F, Age mean (SD): 61.73 (10.75) |
n = 70, adults with heart-failure-related hospitalization within the previous 2 weeks, 54 M / 16 F, Age mean (SD): 61.36 (11.46) |
eHL (eHealth Literacy Questionnaire - eHLQ) |
| Vazquez et al., 2023 [49], JMIR AGING | USA | RCT, 3 × 2 × 3 mixed factorial design | NA |
i) CL intervention n = 233, older adults, 75 M / 158 F, Age mean (SD): 70.1 (6.7) ii) IL intervention n = 233, older adults, 79 M / 154 F, Age mean (SD): 70.8 (7.6) |
NA |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: computer and web knowledge (ad hoc questionnaire) basic computer and web operation (ad hoc questionnaire) information-seeking skills (ad hoc questionnaire) website evaluation skills (ad hoc questionnaire) |
| Xie, 2011a [50], Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology | USA | Experimental, non-randomised study | August 2009 - June 2010 |
n = 172, older adults, 50 M / 122 F, Age: 70.4 (8.0) |
NA |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: eHealth literacy supplemental measures: (i) perceived usefulness of the internet in helping make health decisions; (ii) perceived importance of being able to access health resources on the internet |
| Xie, 2011b [51], Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology | USA |
RCT, 2 × 2 × 2 mixed factorial design with learning method (CL, IL) and presentation channel (visual only, visual plus auditory) |
September 2010–February 2011 |
n = 124, older adults, 82 F / 36 M, Age: 68.15 (9.00) |
NA | eHL (eHEALS) |
| Xie, 2011c [52], Journal of Medical Internet Research | USA |
RCT, 2 × 2 mixed factorial design with learning method (collaborative; individualistic) The present study is a part of the Electronic Health Information for Lifelong Learners (eHiLL) research project |
February to May 2011 |
n = 146, older adults, 44 M / 96 F, Age mean (SD): 69.99 (8.12) i) CL intervention n = 72 ii) IL intervention n = 74 |
NA | eHL (eHEALS) |
|
Zaim et al., 2021 [53], Health Literacy Research and Practice |
USA | Quasi experimental (no randomisation nor control group) | 2017–2018 (quasi-experimental in summer 2018) |
n = 27, teen girls (13–18 yo), 40.7% White, 33.3% African American, 26% Asian, Native Hawaiian, American Indian, or Multiracial 27 F Age mean (SD): 16.1 (1.7) |
NA |
eHL (eHEALS) Other outcomes: acceptability of the tool |
Abbreviations: CL = Collaborative Learning,; eHEALS = eHealth Litearcy Scale; eHL = eHealth Literacy; F = Females; IL = Individual Learning; M = Males; NA = Not Available; RCT = Randomised Controlled Trial; USA = United States of America, yo = years old