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. 2025 Jan 23;13:20. doi: 10.1186/s40168-024-02024-3

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The distribution of specific bacterial genera in second trimester AF and delivery AF in cohort 1. a Bacterial genera predominant and high in second trimester AF samples are depicted as “second trimester AF-specific genera”. b Bacterial genera predominant and high in delivery AF samples are depicted as “delivery AF-specific genera”. Dot-plot showing the distribution and abundance of each specific genera in both second trimester and delivery AF samples. Sec AF in cohort 1, second trimester amniotic fluid in cohort 1; Del AF in cohort 1, delivery amniotic fluid in cohort 1