Table 2.
Association between variables and constipation, based on univariate analysis
| OR (95 CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| ≥ 20,<40 | Ref | Ref |
| ≥ 40, < 60 | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.0101 |
| ≥ 60 | 0.69 (0.59, 0.82) | < 0.0001 |
| Sex | ||
| male | Ref | Ref |
| female | 2.38 (2.06, 2.75) | < 0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Mexican American | Ref | Ref |
| Other Hispanic | 1.41 (1.08, 1.84) | 0.0115 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.06 (0.86, 1.29) | 0.5894 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.48 (1.18, 1.86) | 0.0006 |
| Other Race | 1.00 (0.67, 1.48) | 0.9813 |
| Education | ||
| Below high school | Ref | Ref |
| High school graduate | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | 0.6813 |
| College or above | 0.71 (0.61, 0.84) | < 0.0001 |
| Marital status | ||
| Others | Ref | Ref |
| Currently married/living with partner | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) | 0.0004 |
| PIR | ||
| < 1.3 | Ref | Ref |
| ≥ 1.3, < 3.5 | 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) | 0.0002 |
| ≥ 3.5 | 0.51 (0.42, 0.61) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI | ||
| < 18.5 | Ref | Ref |
| ≥ 18.5, < 25 | 0.85 (0.52, 1.39) | 0.5210 |
| ≥ 25, < 30 | 0.64 (0.39, 1.04) | 0.0696 |
| ≥ 30 | 0.54 (0.33, 0.88) | 0.0142 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never smokers | Ref | Ref |
| Former smokers | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.0001 |
| Current smokers | 1.00 (0.84, 1.18) | 0.9542 |
| Drinking status | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 0.63 (0.55, 0.73) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) | 0.0035 |
| Diabetes | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 0.93 (0.76, 1.15) | 0.5141 |
| Congestive heart failure | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 1.18 (0.81, 1.73) | 0.3977 |
| Myocardial infarction | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 1.03 (0.73, 1.44) | 0.8803 |
| Stroke | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 1.37 (0.99, 1.91) | 0.0588 |
| Emphysema | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 1.21 (0.81, 1.82) | 0.3581 |
| Cancer | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 1.03 (0.82, 1.29) | 0.8248 |
| Chronic bronchitis | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 1.17 (0.89, 1.54) | 0.2648 |
| Total energy intake | ||
| Q1(164–1,409 kcal/day) | Ref | Ref |
| Q2(1,409.1–1,909 kcal/day) | 0.77 (0.64, 0.92) | 0.0049 |
| Q3(1,909.1–2,582 kcal/day) | 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) | < 0.0001 |
| Q4(2,582.1–13,509 kcal/day) | 0.51 (0.42, 0.62) | < 0.0001 |
| Total protein intake | ||
| Q1(0.63–51.72 g/day) | Ref | Ref |
| Q2(51.74–72.77 g/day) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.97) | 0.0214 |
| Q3(72.78–99.94 g/day) | 0.69 (0.57, 0.83) | < 0.0001 |
| Q4(99.95–474.01 g/day) | 0.47 (0.39, 0.58) | < 0.0001 |
| Total fiber intake | ||
| Q1(0.1–9.1 g/day) | Ref | Ref |
| Q2(9.2–14 g/day) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.0002 |
| Q3(14.1–20.5 g/day) | 0.61 (0.51, 0.73) | < 0.0001 |
| Q4(20.6–147.6 g/day) | 0.41 (0.34, 0.51) | < 0.0001 |
| Total fat intake | ||
| Q1(0.2–45.8 g/day) | Ref | Ref |
| Q2(45.81–69.45 g/day) | 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) | 0.0089 |
| Q3(69.46–100.3 g/day) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.0003 |
| Q4(100.34–601.33 g/day) | 0.54 (0.44, 0.65) | < 0.0001 |
| Anxiety status | ||
| NO | Ref | Ref |
| YES | 1.51 (1.31, 1.75) | < 0.0001 |
| Anxiety duration | ||
| = 0 | Ref | Ref |
| > 0, ≤ 10 | 1.15 (0.98, 1.34) | 0.0874 |
| > 10, ≤ 20 | 1.64 (1.28, 2.10) | < 0.0001 |
| > 20, ≤ 30 | 1.71 (1.39, 2.11) | < 0.0001 |
Note: P-values in bold indicate statistical significance
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PIR, family income to poverty ratio; OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval