Table 1. Updated summary of the pathogenicity mechanisms of the currently identified/ characterized Clostridium perfringens toxins.

	Toxins	Gene	Toxin name	Alternative name	Mechanism of pathogenicity
Note: “−” means no alternative toxins.
1	Typing toxins	plc/cpa	Phospholipase	α-toxin	Disruption of cell membrane
2		cpb	β-toxin	−	Pore-formation
3		etx	ε-toxin	−	Pore-formation
4		iap	ι-toxin component Ia	−	Cytoskeleton disruption
5		ibp	ι-toxin component Ib	−	Cytoskeleton disruption
6		cpe	Enterotoxin (CPE)	−	Pore-formation and tight-junction disintegration
7	Non-typing toxins	netB	NetB	−	Pore-formation
8		cpb2	β2 toxin	−	Pore-formation
9		lam	λ-toxin	−	Potent protease
10		pfo/pfoA	Perfringolysin O	θ-toxin	Pore-formation
11		cpd	δ-toxin	−	Pore-formation
12		ccp	Clostripain	−	Digestion of collagen
13		colA	Microbial collagenase	κ-toxin	Digestion of collagen
14		nanI	Sialidase	−	Mucolysis
15		nanJ	Exo-α-sialidase	−	Mucolysis
16		nanH	Neuraminidase	−	Mucolysis
17		nagH	Hyaluronidase	μ-toxin	Digestion of connective tissue
18		tpeL	Glucosylating toxin	−	Induction of apoptosis
19		becA	Binary Enterotoxin Component A	−	Pore-formation
20		becB	Binary Enterotoxin Component B	−	Pore-formation
21		netE	NetE	−	Pore-formation
22		netF	NetF	−	Pore-formation
23		netG	NetG	−	Pore-formation