Plasma epinephrine and glucose after insulin shock in PACAP-deficient
vs. wild-type mice. (a) Plasma epinephrine levels after
insulin: ■, +/+ 2 units of insulin per kg;
●, −/− 2 units of insulin per kg;
□, +/+ saline; and ○, −/− saline. *,
P < 0.05; **, P
< 0.001 relative to +/+ by one-way ANOVA with Scheffé's
post-hoc test. (b) Blood glucose levels after insulin:
■, +/+ 2 units of insulin per kg; ●,
−/− 2 units of insulin per kg; □, +/+ saline; and
○, −/− saline. *, P < 0.05;
**, P < 0.001 relative to +/+ by
one-way ANOVA with Scheffé's post-hoc test. (c)
Adrenal epinephrine levels 4 h after 2 units of insulin per kg or
saline: filled bars, +/+; and open bars, −/−. *,
P < 0.05 relative to +/+ by one-way ANOVA with
Scheffé's post-hoc test. (d) TH is not induced in
PACAP knock-out adrenal medulla 4 h after 2 units of insulin per
kg: filled bars, +/+; and open bars, −/−. *,
P < 0.05 relative to +/+ saline by one-way ANOVA
with Scheffé's post-hoc test.