Table 4.
Effect of single/combined exposure levels of Ni, Ba, Pb and Ti in pregnant women on the risk of CHDs in their offspring.
| Heavy metals | Low | High | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni | Concentration range (μg/L) | <189.29 | ≥189.29 | |
| Cases (n)/controls (n) | 68/172 | 29/22 | ||
| cOR (95% CI) | Reference | 4.055 (1.912–8.599) | <0.001 | |
| aOR1 (95% CI) | Reference | 3.098 (1.322–7.260) | 0.009 | |
| Ba | concentration range (μg/L) | <213.84 | ≥213.84 | |
| Cases (n)/controls (n) | 68/175 | 29/19 | ||
| cOR (95% CI) | Reference | 4.268 (1.938–9.403) | <0.001 | |
| aOR1 (95% CI) | Reference | 1.422 (0.537–3.766) | 0.479 | |
| Pb | concentration range (μg/L) | <86.70 | ≥86.70 | |
| Cases (n)/controls (n) | 52/146 | 45/48 | ||
| cOR (95% CI) | Reference | 2.353 (1.207–4.587) | 0.012 | |
| aOR1 (95% CI) | Reference | 2.192 (1.021–4.707) | 0.044 | |
| Ti | concentration range (μg/L) | <404.22 | ≥404.22 | |
| Cases (n)/controls (n) | 51/151 | 46/43 | ||
| cOR (95% CI) | Reference | 4.317 (2.191–8.504) | <0.001 | |
| aOR1 (95% CI) | Reference | 4.065 (1.887–8.758) | <0.001 | |
| Combined exposure | Range (points) | <5.5 | ≥5.5 | |
| Cases (n)/controls (n) | 56/168 | 41/26 | ||
| cOR (95% CI) | Reference | 4.767 (2.599–8.745) | <0.001 | |
| aOR2 (95% CI) | Reference | 5.946 (2.872–12.309) | <0.001 | |
aOR1, adjusted hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, Gestational diabetes, Postpartum bleeding, delivery method and the other three heavy metals besides the studied heavy metals.
aOR2, adjusted hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, Gestational diabetes, Postpartum bleeding and delivery method.