Table 3.

Summary of literature search results for milrinone

Ref.	n	Year	Study design	Level of evidence	Comparator	Dose	End-points
[60]a	45	2002	Prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial	II	Amrinone/placebo	50 μg/kg then 0.5 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[75]	20	2002	Observational study	III	-	20 μg/kg	Haemodynamic parameters
[76]	20	2002	Observational study	III	-	50 μg/kg	Middle cerebral artery flow
[2]b,c	120	2001	Multicentre, prospective, randomized trial	I	Dobutamine	50 μg/kg then 0.5 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[77]b	20	2001	Prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial	II	Control	0.5 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[78]	20	2001	Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	II	Placebo	0.25 μg/kg per min	pHi, inflammatory markers
[64]b	29	2000	Prospective, randomized trial	II	Amrinone, olprinone	50 μg/kg	pHi, hepatic blood flow, oxygenation
[79]c	45	2000	Prospective, randomized trial	II	NO	50 μg/kg then 0.5 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters; RVEF
[9]	20	2000	Prospective, randomized trial	II	Epinephrine	50 μg/kg	Haemodynamic parameters
[80]	48	2000	Prospective, blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	II	Placebo	20 μg/kg then 0.2 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[13]b	20	2000	Prospective, randomized trial	II	Epinephrine	50 μg/kg	IMA flow
[81]	24	1999	Prospective, randomized controlled trial	II	Control	50 μg/kg	Inflammatory markers
[27]b	24	1999	Prospective, blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	II	Dopamine, placebo	50 μg/kg then 0.375 μg/kg per min	pHi, SHVO2, endotoxin levels
[82]b	22	1999	Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	II	Placebo	30 μg/kg then 0.5 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[83]a,c	21	1998	Prospective, blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	II	Placebo	50 μg/kg	Haemodynamic parameters
[62]b	44	1998	Prospective, multicentre, randomized trial	II	Amrinone	Two boluses of 25 μg/kg	Haemodynamic parameters
[84]b	37	1997	Prospective, randomized controlled trial	II	Control	50/75 μg/kg then 0.5/0.75 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[85]a,c	32	1997	Prospective, blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	II	Placebo	50 μg/kg then 0.5 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[86]b	24	1996	Observational study	III	-	25–75 μg/kg then 0.5 μg/kg per min for 1 hour	Haemodynamic parameters
[87]b	29	1995	Observational study	III	-	25–75 μg/kg	Haemodynamic parameters
[88]a	20	1995	Prospective, blinded, randomized trial	II	-	20 and 40 μg/kg then 0.5 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[89]b	25	1994	Observational study	III	-	25, 50, 75 μg/kg or 0.5 μg/kg per min	Plasma concentration
[90]b,c	12	1994	Observational study	III	-	50 μg/kg then 0.5 μg/kg per min	Plasma concentration
[91,92]b,c	99	1992	Observational study	III	-	50 μg/kg then 0.375–0.75 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[93]b,c	24	1992	Observational study	III	-	50 μg/kg then 0.375–0.75 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters
[94]b,c	35	1991	Observational study	III	-	50 μg/kg then 0.375–0.75 μg/kg per min	Haemodynamic parameters

^aWeaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. ^bPostoperative support. ^cCardiac index < 2.5 l/min per m² or preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction < 0.4. IMA, internal mammary artery; NO, nitric oxide; pHi, intramucosal pH; RVEF, right ventricular ejection fraction; S_HVO₂, hepatic vein oxygen saturation.