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. 2024 Oct 8;12(1):uhae284. doi: 10.1093/hr/uhae284

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nanjing Agricultural University.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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MdNAC5 was selected by QTLs mapping and affected fruit firmness and ripening. (A) LOD values of 17 chromosomes for the 3 years according to interval mapping. (B) Stable QTLs for FF in chr3. (C) Location of MdNAC5 associated with fruit FF. The black arrows indicate the SNPs related to FF and HD in MdNAC5. The red arrow indicates the most significant and nonsynonymous SNP. (D) Frequency of the SNP genotypes of MdNAC5 in 294 F₁ hybrids. (E) Relationship between fruit FF and HD phenotypes of 294 F₁ hybrids and genotypes of MdNAC5 at locus Chr3:30697394. (F) Competitive allele-specific PCR show that the allele mutation at Chr3:30697394 in MdNAC5 could eliminate the extremely firm or soft varieties, and most of the varieties are A/T heterozygous for MdNAC5.