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A model showing the roles of MdNAC5 alleles associated with fruit firmness and ripening variation in apple. In apple, mutation of the A/T allele in MdNAC5 leads to differences in fruit firmness and ripening. MdNAC5A and MdNAC5T promotes its activity by directly binding to DNA in the promoter region of MdACS1 and MdERF3. MdNAC5A results in the production of more Met and ACC and releases more ethylene than MdNAC5T, which reduces fruit firmness and accelerates fruit ripening.
