Table 7.

Anti-inflammatory effects and antihypertensive activity of P. curatellifolia.

Plant part	Solvent	Type of study	Experimental model	Key findings	References
Leaf	Methanol, water, acetone, and ethanol	In vitro	Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition assay with extract concentration of 3.9–250 μg/mL Nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), menadione and hydrogen peroxide-activated RAW 264.7 cells with ethanolic extract concentration of 25 μg/mL	Ethanol and methanol extracts inhibited XO activity with IC50 of 1.38 μg/mL and 2.19 μg/mL, respectively Aqueous extracts reduced NO production in LPS activated RAW cells.	[42]
	Ethanol	In vitro	Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibition with 20 μL of extract Sheep erythrocyte membrane stabilization activity	Inhibition of COX-1 and activation of COX-2 Higher stabilization of membrane at 250 μg/mL than control (indomethacin)	[44]
	Ethanol	In vitro	Hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase (H-PGDS) inhibition assay	Mixed type reversible inhibition of H-PGDS, IC50 was 3.8 μg/mL	[45]
	Ethanol	In vivo	Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (90–160 g) (n = 18). Dosage of 0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight; orally once every 24 h for 96 h	Ethanolic leaf extracts reduced in vivo glutathione transferase activity (IC50 – 12 μg/mL)	[46]
Seed	Ethanol	In vivo	Wister albino rats (150–200 g) (n = 24). Dosage of 200–800 mg/kg body weight for 2 weeks	Reduced contraction force and heart rate; caused a dose-dependent ↓ in systolic diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure; an ↑ in the percentage change in mean arterial blood pressure, ↑ thiobarbituric acid reactive substance production and catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities.	[82]
	80 % Methanol	In vivo	Adult male Wistar rats (160 ± 10g) infected with sodium nitroprusside (5 mg/kg). Dosage of 400, 500, and 600 mg/kg bwt, orally for 7 days	Extracts ↓ sodium nitroprusside (SNP) toxicity on the heart and artery tissue in rats	[47]
	80 % Methanol	In vitro	Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE I) inhibition assay	Crude extracts showed superior ACE I inhibition (IC50 – 13.5 mg/mL)	[7]