Table 8.

Anticancer and antiproliferative effects of P. curatellifolia.

Plant part	Solvent	Type of study	Experimental model	Key findings	References
Leaf	Ethanol	In vitro	Jurkat cells E 6.1 human leukemic T cell lymphocytes pretreated with extract (0–100 μg/mL).	Extracts induced apoptosis in Jukat T cell resulting in anti-proliferative effects.	[42]
	Methanol	In vitro	ECACC strain Jurkat E6 (T-cell lymphocytic cell line) and ATCC strain Wil 2 (B cell lymphocytic cell line) with extract at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL.	The IG50 (the concentration for 50 % growth inhibition) against Wil 2 cell line was 93 μg/mL but was cytotoxic at > 500 μg/mL. Extract at 10 μg/mL reduced cell proliferation of Jurkat T cells by 70 % after 48 h of incubation.	[49]
Root bark	Methanol	In vivo	Hollow fibers filled with each of the Lu1 human lung carcinoma cell, Mel2 human melanoma cell line, human oral epidermoid carcinoma KB cells, human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells, human breast carcinoma MCF-7, mouse lymphoid neoplasm P-388 cells, and human ovarian adenocarcinoma SW626 cells, were implanted at the intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) compartments of athymic mice (n = 9). Test compounds at doses of 72.6, 145.3, and 290.7 μmol/kg administrated once daily by intraperitoneal injection from day 3–6 after implantation.	13-Methoxy-15-oxozoapatlin isolated from P. curatellifolia inhibited growth of cells at the i.p. compartment (except Lu1). The compound also inhibited the growth of SW626, Mel2, and KB cells implanted at the s.c. site.	[51]
	Methanol	In vitro and in vivo	Cytotoxic evaluation against human cancer cell lines including A431, epidermoid carcinoma; BCI, breast cancer; Col2, colon cancer; HT. fibrosarcoma; LNCaP, prostate cancer; Lu 1, lung cancer; Me12, melanoma; U373, ghoma; KB, oral epidermal carcinoma; ZR75- I, breast cancer. Athymic mice implanted with human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells subcutaneously and administered intraperitoneally with 13-methoxy-15-oxozoapatlin (90 mg/kg) on days 1, 5 and 9. Breast cancer ZR-75-1 cells treated with 13-methoxy-15-oxozoapatlin (0–3 μM).	Isolates of P. curatellifolia were cytotoxic against cancer cell lines (ED50 range 0.3–16.5 μM) via Michael-type addition at the β-position of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl. Treated athymic mice carrying KB cells had no antitumor activity. Treated ZR-75-1 had reduced biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and protein, accumulation at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.	[85]